Factors Affecting The Rate Of Photosynthesis Biology Essay

Variables Affecting The Rate Of Photosynthesis Biology Essay The motivation behind this test is to watch the elements influencing the Photosynthetic pace of leaves, which is estimated in two different ways. Initially changing the light power, this will decide the pace of increment or lessening in photosynthesis. Furthermore changing the accessibility of supplements (Concentration of CO2) to the plants, this will legitimately influence the photosynthetic rate. To test the light force, an elodea lowered in a recepticle was set at various estimation away from the plant, to check whether oxygen (bubbles) is delivered. To test the accessibility of supplements, various molarities of Sodium Bicarbonate was weakened in 500 ml of water with Elodea, to check whether pace of photosynthesis expanded or diminished. The outcome appears, as light force builds, the pace of response will increment at a relative rate until a specific level is reached. At a light force of 400 the normal increment in pace of response was 746v. At 4 the normal increment in pace of response was 8676v, a distinction of 7930v, which shows the pace of response is incredibly impacted by light power. As the molarity of Sodium Bicarbonate builds, the pace of response will likewise increment at a relative rate regarding light power. At 0.05M the normal increment in pace of response was 0.80r. At 0.1M the normal increment in pace of response was 1.90r, a distinction of 1.1r, which shows the pace of response is likewise altogether affected by the accessibility of supplements. Both light force and accessibility of supplements are significant elements that influence the pace of photosynthesis. Point To examine how various elements influence the pace of photosynthesis. The factors that will be changed are diverse force of light and various molarities of Sodium bicarbonate and afterward estimating the pace of response (photosynthetic rate). Speculation All through this trial the light power and various molarities of Sodium Bicarbonate will be differed. The variable that is estimated will be time, for pace of response. As light power expands the pace of response will increment at a corresponding rate. As the centralization of NaHCO3 expands the pace of the response will likewise increment at a relative rate. Presentation Each specie on earth needs a vitality source so as to endure. In creature cells, the mitochondria produce ATP from cell breath. In any case, the plant cells have an alternate sort of focus that produces vitality chloroplasts. Plants experience the procedure of photosynthesis. The principle procedure of photosynthesis is the assimilation of light by chlorophyll, found in leaves and the submersion of carbon dioxide from the earth, and together they produce oxygen and sugar (vitality). The condition underneath speaks to the photosynthesis response: The motivation behind this investigation is to test whether factors, for example, light power and level of Carbon dioxide, will influence the pace of photosynthesis, which are the two most significant factors in the photosynthesis procedure. This was shown by Robert Hill in 1938, known as The Hill Reaction. Robert Hill and his partners at the University of Illinois found that the photosynthetic rate shifts with light force, and as the light power expands, the response rate additionally increments in a specific way. Mechanical assembly required for the Experiment Elodea 20mmâ ² syringe Fine tubing Stand Stopwatch Ruler NaHCOÂ ³ Solution Seat light Refined water Figure A) Potometer Strategy The mechanical assembly is set (see Fig. A) with the syringe brimming with the 0.01M arrangement of NaHCO3 arrangement. Two imprints 10cm separated are made on the slim tubing. The syringe is set 0.05m away from the light. Utilizing the syringe unclogger the meniscus of the NaHCO3 is set so it is level with the primary imprint. A stopwatch is then begun. The meniscus ought to bit by bit descend the hairlike cylinder as the elodea produces oxygen as a side-effect of photosynthesis. As the oxygen is delivered it builds the weight in the syringe thus the meniscus is pushed down the cylinder. Light Intensity = 1/Distanceâ ² (m) At the point when the meniscus arrives at the degree of the base imprint the stopwatch ought to be halted. Light powers have been worked out utilizing the accompanying condition: 6. Utilizing a similar bit of elodea and a similar separation between the light and the syringe the test (stages 1 to 5) ought to be rehashed for the other centralization of NaHCO3. 7. The test (stages 1 to 6) should then be rehashed at each unique separation between the syringe and the light for all the NaHCO3 fixations. The rest of the separations are 0.05m, 0.06m, 0.07m, 0.08m, 0.1m, 0.2m, 0.3m, and 0.5m. 8. The whole investigation should then be rehashed multiple times so as to acquire increasingly precise information and to dispose of any irregularities that may happen in a solitary trial. So as to make this examination as exact as conceivable various advances must be taken. A similar bit of elodea ought to be utilized each time so as to ensure that each trial is being done with a similar leaf surface zone. The measure of NaHCO3 arrangement ought to be the equivalent for each analysis. 20mmâ ² ought to be utilized each time. The separation ought to be estimated from the front of the light to the syringe. Albeit making these strides will make the analysis increasingly precise, its exactness is as yet constrained by a few variables. From these recorded occasions I will work out the pace of the response utilizing the accompanying condition. Pace of the Reaction = 1/Time (s) Results Table1. (Normal of the 4 path of Molarity against Light force): Molarity of NaHCO3 Light Intensity 1/dâ ² (m) 0.00 (Refined water) 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.07 400 3571 1666 1099 523 200 278 1670 5183 988 600 375 204 4998 4485 1175 1005 473 156 5590 2300 1770 1445 621 100 9990 3150 2900 2552 1224 25 4762 3984 2850 1640 11 5945 4348 3780 2830 4 16480 11904 5196 6578 Utilizing these outcomes I worked out the rate Pace Of the Reaction = 1/Time(s) x 1000 The rate was increased by 1000 to make the numbers simpler to deal with. Table2.Average of the 4 path in pace of response: Molarity of NaHCO3 Light Intensity 1/dâ ² (m) 0.00 (Refined water) 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.07 400 0.28 0.60 0.91 1.91 5.00 278 0.60 0.19 1.01 1.67 2.67 204 0.20 0.22 0.85 1.00 2.11 156 0.18 0.43 0.56 0.69 1.61 100 0.10 0.32 0.34 0.39 0.82 25 0.21 0.25 0.35 0.61 11 0.17 0.23 0.26 0.35 4 0.06 0.08 0.19 0.15 Light power against NaHCO3 Graph1. Examination Discussion of Results Examination: Refined water: With the refined water the pace of response went up from 0.1 to 0.4 when the light power was expanded from 100 to 400. This is a 4 times rise which is very huge. The bend on the diagram does anyway level out before long indicating that the rate is being restricted by the absence of NaHCO3 in the water. 0.01M NaHCO3: At a light force of 4 the rate is 0.06 however this ascents to 0.6 when the light power is raised to 400. The bend is exceptionally shallow and levels off towards a light power of 350 400. 0.02M NaHCO3: The measure of NaHCO3 is twofold that of the 0.01M NaHCO3 explore. The rate additionally polishes off twice that of the 0.01M trial. This would propose that there was a straightforwardly corresponding connection between the measure of NaHCO3 and the pace of response. 0.05M NaHCO3: The bend for the 0.05M NaHCO3 is more extreme than the past bends. The rate increases to 1.9 at a light force of 400. 0.07M NaHCO3: The 0.07M NaHCO3 test delivers a line which is more extreme than all the past bends. The plant is utilizing the additional CO2 to photosynthesize more. As the plant has more CO2 the restricting component brought about by the absence of CO2 is decreased. This test produced a major peculiarity. The rate for a light force of 400 is 5. By following the line of best fit I can see that this outcome ought to be increasingly similar to 3.5. The elodea for this test was exceptionally near the light source. It is conceivable that it had been left here for some time which made the light warmth the elodea up. This would have expanded the pace of response of the plants catalysts which would have expanded the photosynthesis rate. 0.1M NaHCO3: The 0.1M NaHCO3 created the steepest line. Close to the stopping point it looks as though the pace of response is hit by another restricting component. The line goes up consistently however then between a light force of 300 and 400 levels off rapidly. This would propose that at a 0.1M NaHCO3 is adequate for the plant to photosynthesize at its most extreme rate with its current natural conditions. Expanding the NaHCO3 fixation after this level would hence have no impact except if the following restricting element was expelled. Conversation: The speculation was that the pace of photosynthesis would increment if the light force and NaHCO3 levels were expanded (if it's not too much trouble allude to Graph1). As the elodea ingested the light and CO2 it created oxygen gas which expanded the weight in the syringe. This pushed the air bubble in the narrow cylinder down. The chloroplasts produce ATP and decrease NADP to NADPH2 when presented to light. It is at this phase of the response that oxygen is created as a waste item, moreover, the information gathered was upheld by the outcomes acquired by Robert Hill and his partners at the University of Illinois, where they anticipated, as the light power and NaHCO3 levels expanded, the pace of photosynthesis will likewise increment up to a specific level (if it's not too much trouble allude to Graph2) As anticipated when the light force increments so does the pace of photosynthesis. It was anticipated that a level would be arrived at where expanding the light power would have no more impact on the pace of response as there would be some other restricting variable which restrains the pace of the response. The rate increments at a consistent rate as the light

Essay on Effectiveness of Authors Presentation Essay Example for Free

Paper on Effectiveness of Authors Presentation Essay A history instructor needs to educate history. How might he/she do this? There are a wide range of approaches to introduce history to a wide assortment of crowd individuals. Individuals comprehend and decipher data all on an alternate level in view of the manner in which a writer would introduce it, regardless of whether it be through an article or picture. There are numerous arrangements with regards to which there could be data introduced articles, recordings, sonnets, and fine art. Three things that are fundamental to addressing the inquiry over: the class of the data, knowing the crowd, and containing the subject information. The introduction must contain the above segments to influence ones comprehension of history in the best way. In spite of this, one must recall that nobody group shows history from each point of view. Along these lines, every individual will comprehend history in an alternate way, as per the organization of the introduction. Above all else, the data, otherwise called the subject information, itself is a key idea to a creators introduction, and hence, ones comprehension of history. Without the right subject information, the introduction would be of no utilization since it would not be focusing on the objective of getting history. The creator ought to likewise ensure the data is applicable to the point, which for this situation is history, or probably the crowd will lose intrigue and get exhausted with the introduction. The data ought to likewise be communicated all through the whole introduction to have the most important effect on the crowd. One of the Common Core norms for basic believing is to give the most suitable and important data/information and that the subject information be deciphered extensively. In the event that it’s a school necessity, shouldn’t it be performed during introductions also? The introduction ought to likewise engage the creators crowd for most extreme impact and endorsement. The crowd can be a sure objective, (for example, senior residents) or a speculation for all age gatherings. The creator would need to remember what he/she is attempting to accomplish and how he/she could draw in the intended interest group. It is critical for this situation, to have data applicable to that age gathering. For instance, would an educator talk about destruction in Sudan to first graders? Data is accessible through various mediums and for this situation, it would be classes. All data is given through abstract content, true to life content, recordings, and fine art. Abstract content, typically a sonnet or short story, permits the creator to seek after a progressively passionate relationship with the crowd. It would consequently, have the option to influence the more enthusiastic part of any occasion ever. One such model is the sonnet, The Fall of Fort Sumter. It portrayed the Confederate perspective and the sentiments they harbored against the North. The armada turned gradually southward; we saw the last boat go, We had spared old Carolina from the affront of the adversary, is a piece of the verse in the sonnet and communicated Confederate sentiments towards the Union. Thereby, the crowd would have the option to associate on a more profound level to the specific situation. Genuine writings take into account a fast, brief synopsis right to a profound, all around considered examination on a verifiable occasion. These writings are normally the most enlightening and straight-forward in an introduction. They likewise can give a progressively reasonable tone to the composition. A model is â€Å"The Battle of Fort Sumter†. It had an examination on the whole fight from an unbiased perspective. Once in a while, creators will favor one side and express their assessment on a specific subject. Recordings give visual and sound-related guides to the crowd, it consolidates the components of verifiable content and work of art simultaneously. Recordings can upgrade the learning experience of the individuals who like joined arrangements. One such model is the â€Å"Fort Sumter Animated Map† from the Civil War Trust Fund site. It indicated a vivified fight reproduction of Fort Sumter and the Union battalion positioned there. Fine art empowers visual students to utilize their eyes to convey the inclination put away inside canvases and different masterpieces. Similar to scholarly content, it associates all the more genuinely and permits the crowd to picture and envision the scene or spot ever. A model is the Currier and Ives painting of Fort Sumter. It demonstrated detonating mortars and Confederate batteries terminating upon the wonderful Fort Sumter in the Charleston Harbor. The measures for an introduction ought to incorporate the right subject information, suitable objective crowd, and various kinds of the occasion ever. Every medium if introduction present and offers knowledge on alternate points of view. For instance, take the issue of the American dream. Some state its lone an inheritance of the past from the Founding Fathers period while others state that it is more grounded than any time in recent memory. On the off chance that one were just to peruse an instructive content brimming with feeling that the American dream is gone, one could just observe from one viewpoint or perspective. He/she would just comprehend one side of the issue. Assuming in any case, he/she read another educational article supporting the American dream, at that point one could see the two decisions on an issue and get them. To respond to the paper question, everybody can have an alternate point of view on a similar issue, contingent upon the class in a creators introduction.

The Fighter free essay sample

I was ten years of age when I saw one of the most alarming sights of my life. I was at Tufts Medical Center in Boston, with my mother, my sister, and my grandma. We were totally assembled around my granddad who was snared to various measures of cylinders, machines, and IV lines. My granddad was in his battle against throat malignant growth and I contemplated internally, this will be one of the last occasions that I ever observe my granddad. The part that I didn't mull over before that musing was; my granddad has a furious main impetus to live where it counts inside him. Regardless of what impediment is tossed in his manner, it's anything but an issue of whether he can get around it; he just ponders when he will vanquish the issue. A couple of months after the fact, when my granddad was at home recuperating, my family and I would make day by day stumbles over to see him, since we live around a brief leave one another. We will compose a custom paper test on The Fighter or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Most of the occasions we would head toward see him, there would be a meeting medical caretaker dealing with him, he would be dozing, or he would be in a lot of torment and desolation that my mom would not need us to come inside and see him. However, at that point there were the occasions that my granddad and I would sit and watch the Red Sox or simply talk about what’s going on hours after my family left. When late spring moved around I was constantly over my grandparents house. I cut their garden and did little assignments that should have been done around the yard. One day my granddad came outside with me and I figured he was simply overseeing in light of the fact that I was working close to a group of thistles. I didn’t notice the pair of scissors he was conveying. He disclosed to me that he was going to assist me with bringing down the vines that were choking a gathering of trees. I was totally astounded and energized for us to be cooperating. From this second on, each time I do a task at his home, he is in that spot close to me, regardless of whether he is sitting under a tree in the shade, while watching me work. The entirety of my aunties, uncles, and cousins regularly state that I am the one that props my granddad up in light of the fact that he’s constantly outside accomplishing something with me. I realize that he is a warrior and will never abandon whatever impedes him.

Marketing Proposel For a Product Research Proposal

Promoting Proposel For a Product - Research Proposal Example The organization can target particularly the ladies and geographic markets for the item. So as to showcase the item, the organization would need to devise certain powerful usage designs that incorporate leading reviews, gatherings and examining the results of the contenders. The previously mentioned systems and the plans would at last help the organization to successfully advertise the result of Special K. 2. Organization Description The Kellogg Company which is noticeably recognized as Kellogg’s or Kellogg is viewed as a global organization that makes different food items, for example, vegan nourishments, saltines, grain alongside accommodation food sources and snacks among others. The authority headquarter of the organization is situated in Michigan, United States. The various results of Kellogg’s are created in 18 nations and advanced more than 180 countries. Kellogg’s began its creation as Kellogg’s Corn Flakes in the year 1906 and essentially built up a product offering of notable readymade grains throughout the years that include Kellogg’s All â€Bran, Complete Bran Flakes and Rice Krispies among others. It has been evidently seen that Kellogg’s showed up into the matter of wellbeing food that fabricates critical number of items which are sold in various markets. Subsequently, the organization is gaining extensive benefits through its successful creation just as bundling procedure (Brown, Keegan, Vigus, and Wood, â€Å"The Kellogg Company Optimizes Production Inventory, and Distribution†). The vision of the organization is to convey quality items for making the world more beneficial. The fundamental target of the organization is to give solid sustenance to each individual from a family all through the globe so they can lead sound life ahead (Kellogg Co., â€Å"Staying Focused. Going Further†). The different natural activities just as centering upon various supportability viewpoints eventually uphel d the association to achieve accomplishment in this serious commercial center (Michman and Mazze 127). 3. Natural Analysis Political The creation of agrarian items gives certain dangers and vulnerabilities to the associations expecting to continue in this serious money related market. . Kellogg’s productively plays out its business activities in various districts all through the globe. It has been seen that differed government approaches just as guidelines forced horrible effect upon the organization that at last influenced its dynamic system by a critical level. The creation, advertising and dissemination of the food items that are presented to administrative guidelines are progressively turning out to be mind boggling step by step. Aside from the unique legislative approaches and guidelines, certain different factors inside the political setting, for example, authorizing prerequisites, exchange just as evaluating rehearses and ecological factors additionally laid huge effec t upon the tasks of the organization. In addition, the augmentation in duty rates involving esteem included assessments additionally had a quick impact upon the business tasks of the organization (Kellogg Company, â€Å"Risk Factors†). Financial It has been seen that McDonald’s plays out its operational capacities in various locales all through the globe. The organization fixes the costs of its items by taking into concern the monetary circumstance of the nations where it works.

There Really Is a Cruise Ship Phobia

There Really Is a Cruise Ship Phobia Phobias Types Print Cruise Ship Phobia The exact nature of cruise ship phobia differs from person to person By Lisa Fritscher Lisa Fritscher is a freelance writer and editor with a deep interest in phobias and other mental health topics. Learn about our editorial policy Lisa Fritscher Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on October 01, 2018 Matteo Colombo/Getty Images More in Phobias Types Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment A fear of cruise ships and a phobia of cruise ships are not the same and sometimes only a trained clinician can tell the difference. Cruise ship phobia is not a fear of the ocean or even of boats in general. In fact, you may feel no fear about going on your fathers small boat, but large ships terrify you. You dont have to be in physical proximity to a cruise ship or even on board to have a phobic reaction. For example, photos and drawings of the Titanic could cause anxiety. Even a simple mention of the ships name could trigger you. The exact nature of this fear differs from person to person, which is common with phobias.   Treating Cruise Ship Phobia Fortunately, you can treat cruise ship phobia like you would any other phobia. If you think you have a fear of cruise ships, speak to a psychologist, who can help you diagnose your phobia.   There are two main ways to treat a phobia: cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and exposure-based therapy. A psychologist can help you use CBT to replace any irrational thoughts you may be having with rational thoughts. For example, if you fear the cruise ship will sink, your therapist may walk you through statistics about cruise ship safety as well as ship design and emergency preparedness.   Exposure-based therapy works on treating your phobia head-on. When you are afraid, it is natural to want to run away or avoid the object causing you fear. Exposure therapy can help you conquer your fears by addressing and engaging them. Exposure therapy is conducted gradually, meaning you wont have to fully face your fears on day one. Rather, you may start by talking about cruise ships or looking at some photos. After a period of time, determined by your psychologist, you may work your way up to visiting a ship or even spending some time onboard.

PQU Campus Correspondent Alex Grieco (Stern)

PQU Campus Correspondent Alex Grieco (Stern) by: Andrea Carter on January 23, 2018 | 0 Comments Comments 597 Views January 23, 2018Alex GriecoNew York University, Stern School of BusinessHometown: Great Falls, VirginiaYear: JuniorMajors: Marketing and FinanceTrack: Luxury Marketing25 Questions with Campus Correspondent Alex GriecoWhen did you know you wanted to go to business school? Sophomore year of high school. I wanted to go into fashion, but with a business background.When you found out you were accepted into Stern, what was your reaction? I am pretty sure I had a smile tattooed on my face for a month straight.What other schools did you apply to? Boston University, Northeastern, Fordham, Georgetown University.Why should students preparing to enter college consider going into business school? Post graduation you have the opportunity to go into any industry that you have an interest in. From sports to law to fashion, having a business background gives perspective.What has be en the most surprising thing about B-school? The diversity of interests among the students.How many internships have you done and with what companies? I have done one internship for the past year at a luxury cosmetics company on their Specialty Marketing Product Development team. A lot of students work at multiple companies, but I have had such an amazing experience at one,   so I have stayed! For me it is about loving the brand and its mission, and in the long run, see how it grows and changes in response to the industry.Have you studied abroad? Yes!When, where, and what was the experience? I studied at NYU’s campus in Florence, Italy (which is located on a hilltop overlooking downtown Florence) for my sophomore Fall semester. I got to learn Italian, eat with local Florentine families, and teach English to young Italians, all while taking some business coursework such as Intro to Marketing and Organizational Communications.If you had to choose one: an internship or studyin g abroad? I couldn’t! Both of my experiences have been so eye-opening. I don’t think I could give up one for the other.What has been your most memorable moment in B-school? This is super difficult, but I think it would be the time I climbed the Cupola del Duomo in Florence. I could not only see my apartment, but also NYU’s Campus Villa! It was breathtaking. I will have those images for a lifetime (and might just share some here on PQ later on this semester!).Why should students apply to Stern? The people and experiences! You will feel inspired everyday by accomplished peers and engaged faculty. In addition, you get opportunities not offered to many other students like a free trip to the US Open, tickets to Broadway shows, and intimate talks with some of the world’s leading business men and women, just to name a few!What are your goals after graduation? Immediately after graduation I would love to travel to places I didn’t get a chance to visit when abroad and have a job I love that, hopefully, doesn’t feel like a job at all. 🙂When you’re not studying, where on campus can we most likely find you? At NYU, we consider all of New York City as our campus! So, most days off you can find me at any new fashion exhibit, art museum (The Whitney is my favorite), or even at Washington Square Park enjoying ice cream.What are you most excited about for the new semester? Our class trip to Hong Kong! As part of our International Studies Program, every junior will do a week long in-country immersion in either Hong Kong, Lima, or Lisbon. Nearly every graduating student names it as their FAVORITE part of their time at Stern.What are your hobbies outside of B-school? I love watching fashion styling videos and reading makeup and beauty blogs to supplement my internship. I also love to bake! If you have any great cookie or cake recipes, please pass them my way.What advice would you offer your freshman self? Be open-minded. T ry out different clubs or activities in industries you haven’t thought of. Take advantage of the free time you have.What is one thing that could improve your business school to make it an even better experience? I think the only thing that could make NYU Stern even better is the addition of more student lounges for relaxing and bonding among students. That and free coffee.What is the one class or who is the one professor every B-school student should take? It is not a business class but it is an elective call the Science of Happiness! It helps you learn your strengths and weaknesses as well as how to effectively manage your life in a way that keeps you happy.Where do you see yourself in five years? To be honest, I am not sure where exactly I want to be in 5 years. But right now, I hope to be living in a vibrant city like New York or London while pursuing a career in Marketing or Finance within the Luxury industry.What is one life changing moment you’ve experienced as a business school student? I would say a life changing moment I have experienced because of Stern was when I got to listen to a special rendition of Silent Night in Prague’s Old Town Square in the Czech Republic. For Thanksgiving, I visited my friends at the NYU Prague campus and stumbled upon the public concert in the evening. The reason it was so special: everyone was encouraged to sing the chorus in their native language. It was beautiful and eye-opening to see just how many different kinds of people all gathered in harmony to sing.What one word would you use to describe the professors at Stern? AccomplishedWhat word to describe the students? DrivenWhat is the culture like there? Motivating and collaborative   Who is your favorite professor and why? Professor Jeffrey Carr has been one of my favorite professors because of his dedication to his students. He always extended a hand out to help students meet professionals that would help them gain experience in an area of inte rest.When you graduate what do you think you’ll miss most about business school? The resources. From the people you meet to the different students that inspire me on a daily basis. The school and everyone in it has become like family. Page 1 of 11

Kameron Harris. Mrs. Thompson. Hist 102-10. 2 May 2017.

Kameron Harris Mrs. Thompson HIST 102-10 2 May 2017 Conspiracy Behind the Legacy Abraham Lincoln and John F. Kennedy were two America’s greatest presidents. Many know Abraham Lincoln as the 16th President of America, face of US currency such as the bronze penny and five-dollar bill, and the President who freed the slaves. JFK was the 35th President of America, household favorite, and the President who saved the world from nuclear destruction. But deep inside the walls of the White House, the two Presidents had other motives for that occurred during their term and many people believe that it led to both of their assassination. JFK and Abraham Lincoln were American Icons, and their secret past seem to hurt their legacy in the afterlife.†¦show more content†¦During his time in office, he was faced with major issues including the Cuban Missile Crisis, the Speed Race, and the creation of Peace Corps. He also played a huge role in the Civil Rights movement such as the Civil Rights Act of 1964 that Lyndon B. Johnson took over shortly after JFK’s assassination. During his presidency, there were a lot of speculations about how JFK was elected. The Kennedys had mob times with Sam Ginacana, a notorious mob boss in Chicago. It is said that JFK’s father, Joseph Kennedy, was affiliated with Ginacana during the Prohibition bootlegging alcohol. The stories from numerous sources state that the mob helped Kennedy win Virginia in the 1960 Presidential Election. Frank Sinatra, the famous singer, was the mutual connection between both parties. So, when people put the clues together, they figured JFK had some affiliation with the mob and he did. But was the universe hinting a possible parallel life between the two great Presidents? Abraham Lincoln and John F. Kennedy had a parallel life pattern, which makes their lives an even greater mystery. First, JFK was elected one hundred years after Abraham Lincoln. As far as the world could see, they both impacted the black community from freeing the slaves to e mbracing civil rights. But even to this day in the South, anyone or public figure trying to help the African American society will face the fate of death. The South has

A Study On Corporate Ownership And News Bias - 1189 Words

Martin Gilens and Craig Hertzman at Yale University, have conducted a study on the Corporate ownership and news bias through the newspaper coverage of the 1996 Telecommunication Act addressing the claim: â€Å"Financial interests of corporate owners lead America’s news bureaus to downplay the significant issues surrounding the growing concentration of ownership of the country’s mass media† (Martin and Hertzman, 2000.) These researchers affirm that it is impossible to think of any democratic society deprived of the mass media because in such utopist environment the citizens would miss the information they need to evaluate the desirability or undesirability of public choices and assess the value of political leaders and social conditions. They state that the essential role of the press is what leads critics to wonder about the danger derived from the mass media concentration. Their case study focuses on one part of the 1996 Act that specifically removed restrictio ns on TV stations ownership with the result to benefits companies that already owned many TV stations at the disadvantage of those that did not. They underline that the similarity of interests in the conglomerate has reduced diversity in the news and enhanced self-interest bias. The conclusion of this serious study, performing multivariate analysis tests, of which the researchers provide exhaustive data, translates to the relevant issue of a systematically slanted press aimed at improving its own business rather thanShow MoreRelatedThe American Media Is Private Business1027 Words   |  5 Pagesaudiences advertisements, not news coverage. Because of this structure, the media tends to favor corporate interests such as advertising agencies and â€Å"big business†. There is also new â€Å"cross-ownership†. 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There are various issues that can be looked at to conclude whether or not there is such thing as free, unbiased media, to define this topic it is too broad to study itself so it will be brokenRead MoreLeadership in the Organization: Jeff Bezos and Amazon Essay1701 Words   |  7 Pagescustomers with easy access and a single point from which to shop. â€Å"In 30 days, with no press, Amazon had sold books in all 50 states and 45 foreign countries, obviously by the success of Amazon he was right (Academy of A chievement, 2010). In a case study written by Javad Kargar called â€Å"Amazon.com in 2003† he stated that â€Å"Amazons online store was a big hit, with about $5 million in the first year of operations† (2004). This huge success so quickly would have confirmed for Jeff that his idea was viableRead MoreThe Impact Of Traditional Media On The Society Essay1382 Words   |  6 Pagesinformation from the traditional media even though the media landscape has changed drastically and they are beginning to embrace the new media (internet and digital communication technologies). Today’s traditional media has changed drastically due to various factors. Some of these factors are due to ownership, advertising and pressure and competition from the new media. Traditional media today is commercialized. To commercialize denotes making something into a business. But the word connotes corruptionRead MoreThe Bombing Of Lahore, Pakistan1641 Words   |  7 Pageskey differences. NPR’s status as a semi-publically owned American media company and Al Jazeera’s status as a government owned Qatari media accompany account for those difference in their coverage the Lahore, Pakistan attacks. The revolution of the new news accounts for their similarities. NPR posted its story, â€Å"Explosion At Park in Lahore, Pakistan, Kills at Least 70,† on the Lahore bombings at 11:30 AM ET on Easter Sunday. The article begins with a five-photo slideshow that contains an image ofRead MoreSelf Reflection on Decision Making Essay1474 Words   |  6 Pagesgood decision with available information is vital. To be able to do this we need to understand the processes of decision-making and how one can try to eliminate bias while doing so. Over the course of the day, I learnt that in order to make good decisions, the ability to reason logically and sift the accurate information from the corporate jargon is very important. When we were taught the various steps involved in decision-making process I realized that sometimes I arrive at a decision without consideringRead MoreGender Disparity Within The Workplace : A Cultural Issue1266 Words   |  6 Pagesculture. Women have made great strides in society since the women s suffrage movement, a disparity still exists in the workplace. While organizational laws can be created to help alleviate the glass ceiling and shrink the gender wage gap, an unconscious bias exists towards woman in the workforce and only a societal movement can fully erase the inequalities women face. Similar stereotypical character traits towards women which aligned with coverture in the 19th century still exist towards women today,Read MoreAlcohol and Tobacco in Sports914 Words   |  4 Pagesadvertiser’s because of the flexibility, broad reach, and high level of brand or corporate exposure that it affords, (Krapp, 49). Yet some sponsors have created an uproar with in the society, these are namely alcohol and tobacco products. These two make up about half of the sponsorship in professional sports today. Sports sponsorship has been around since the creation of professional sport in the late nineteenth century. It is not a new topic, but it has become some what of a controversial issue in the pastRead MorePension Funds Case Study1499 Words   |  6 PagesPrimary markets are the markets for issues of new securities in which firms and other users of funds supply paper to investors and other sources of funds on the demand side. Therefore, this is the only instance through w hich firms are able to directly raise funds from investors in exchange for securities with different risk-return characteristics. The participation of pension funds in this market represents a significant increase in the demand for new issues and thus in the supply of funds for the

Things Fall Apart And Haroun And The Sea Of Stories

Faced with the necessity to establish their works to a vast universal readership, African authors are imposed to connect their worldviews in English which frequently does not fully express African culture and society. To manage this dilemma, African authors use a variety of different writing techniques to portray the facets of African traditions.Code-switching as a writing technique. Code switching is used to indicate meaning in assertion text. African writers use them to convey a certain goal in the everyday life of the Africans. They use the most frequent form of code-switching which is the native language and English. The use of native words is due to African authors and their inability to fully convey their culture in English. In the†¦show more content†¦You buried it in the ground somewhere so that you can die and return again to torment your mother (Things Fall Apart, p. 57).. The term iyi-uwa is heavily charged traditions of the Igbo society. The author uses in-text explanation which can highlight this complex item of Igbo, and for that matter, African mythology. The example alludes to a prevailing belief among some African peoples that some babies have the ability to cause their own death if they are unhappy about the treatment they get and can return to torment their parents. Iyi-uwa is a kind of talisman the babies are supposedly born with, which is a symbol of their magical powers. If a local witch-doctor can find and destroy the talisman, the baby will lose its magical powers and this will put an end to what amounts to a cycle of torment. The main motivation for the use of native words and expressions is their social and cultural relevance. The explanation placed in apposition to the native words might appear repetitive and redundant since they just repeat what has been expressed in the indigenous language and make it comprehensible to the non-native readers. Yet, the effect would not be the same if the native words or expressions were not used. Besides preserving the meaning and compensating for a lack of adequate terminological equivalence due to cultural differences. The impenetrable song lyrics as signaling battle Ikemefuna was having with himself, feeling loss and desperation. TheShow MoreRelatedKite Runner1198 Words   |  5 Pagesmother isn’t present. In KhaledHosseni’s novel, The Kite Runner, a story of a boy who has an absent mother, and longed for his father’s love and did everything to get until the point that he even gave up an important friendship with his childhood friend. Another two novels that parallel the story is Chinua Achebe’s, Things Fall Apart and Salman Rushdie’s, Haroun and the Sea of Stories. In Things Fall Apart, Chinua Achebe tells a story of a man who fills himself with fear due to his father’s reputation

Gender Segregation During The Workplace - 2700 Words

While women are not the majority in many fields of work in our society, the positions they do hold show the unequal sexual segregation by men. Through gendered practices presented to us at birth and childhood, our society forms the basis as to what field’s men and women can work in separately. Through the processes of patriarchy and capitalism, men have become the powerful actors in terms of dominating work. Because of this gender segregation among occupations, we see a pattern where female dominated occupations are typically paid less, even though they exist in such fewer numbers. As women became financially dependent upon men during the capitalist mode of production, they were expected to do the majority of the housework duties. Today, we are experiencing more women in the workforce than ever before, however, â€Å"the great majority of women in the workplace have entered female-dominated occupations† (Mason, 1992:24). Furthermore, while housework has declined s lightly for women, they are still estimated to do 1.6 times the amount of housework compared to men today. As discussed throughout the course, the construction of gender starts with an individual based on their sex at the time of birth. Babies are dressed in ways that display their gender and are treated accordingly. Throughout childhood, children learn gender behaviors and feelings through school, parents, friends, family, and the media. According to Lorber (1994), â€Å"Children learn to walk, talk, andShow MoreRelatedGender Segregation in the Worplace Separated by Vertical and Horizontal Hierarchy1035 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to the Dictionary of Sociology (1998) gender segregation refers to the unequal distribution between men and women in the work place, sometimes also (and more accurately) called ‘occupational segregation by sex’. There are two forms: ‘vertical segregation’ describes the clustering of men at the top of occupational hierarchies and of women at the bottom; ‘horizontal segregation’ describes the fact that at the same oc cupational level (that is within occupational classes or even occupationsRead MoreThe Gendered Society by Michael Kimmel770 Words   |  3 Pagesa very sociological perspective Kimmel argues that the wage gap is a â€Å"[†¦] major consequence of the combination of sex segregation and the persistence of archaic gender ideologies† (Kimmel 261). From my perspective, I agree with all of the points Kimmel is making and believe that this chapter provides an educational background on the inequality between men and women in the workplace. However, my qualm with Kimmel’s chapter is that he does not really discuss the patriarchal structure of capitalism asRead MoreAffirmative Action : The United States956 Words   |  4 Pagesintroduced until the 1960s. Back then affirmative action was more known as segregation or discrimination in the workplace or there lack of. The women and people of color were the targets of discrimination, which several presidents tried to correct for equality. The Past During the Great Depression affirmative action was introduced, although it was not called that yet, under the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt. Segregation and discrimination was a major issue and President Roosevelt wanted to makeRead MoreThe Workplace : A Tradition Of Discrimination972 Words   |  4 PagesGender in the Workplace: A Tradition of Discrimination Throughout history women have endured terrible injustices due to societies views and male domination. One of the most restrictive issues has been the perception of women in professional roles. In Andersen’s Thinking About Women the traditional view of women’s work involved them staying home where they â€Å"were seen as having a moral calling to serve their families† (Andersen, 2011, p. 118). These views, unpopular as they may be, still exist todayRead MoreEssay on Gender Inequality in the Workplace1247 Words   |  5 Pageswithin every historical family. Gender inequality in the workplace is becoming less common; yet, gender is a factor that affects men and women. Especially women have been subjected to a historical discrimination that has influenced society to decide which job is more suitable for women than men. However women have confronted and tried to break down the barriers that impede them from doing the same work as men. Many countries have employed r ules that favor gender equality, and they have thrived monumentally;Read More Gender Segregation in Education Essay1159 Words   |  5 PagesGender Segregation in Education   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many people think only of African Americans when the phrase segregation in education is spoken, but how often do we think of women? Women have gone through tremendous struggles to receive the same rights as men to an equal education. The following pages will explain many aspects of the history of the women’s struggles for desegregation, accomplishes made for desegregation, and the affects of sex or gender segregation still present in today’s educational systemRead MoreOrthodox Sociological Understandings of Work, Employment and Professions1572 Words   |  7 Pageswomen. There has also been a great feminist interest in the sociology of work, employment and the professions and this has both challenged and increased traditional understandings of work. Classical approaches to work almost ignore gender in their explanations or at least view it as being irrelevant. Marx saw women’s exploitation as a product of capitalism although this was true of all workers under capitalist society. Durkheim held the belief that women were not capableRead MoreGender Inequality And Gender Equality1673 Words   |  7 Pages Gender inequality Women are one-half of the world population they deserve equal opportunity as men because at the end gender equality is part of humanity progress. Many women around the world are treated less favoured than men not only in countries that have traditional gender role but even in societies that believe in equal right for both male and female. Gender inequality means unequal treatment or perceptions of individuals based on their gender. It results from differences in socially constructedRead MoreCivil Rights Movements During The World War II911 Words   |  4 Pagessocial class status and gender. Women were not given equal rights to men and segregation in school between African American and White people to raise the issues to the roof. Veterans returned from the War had been treated badly and considered a lower class in society. Civil Rights movement involved many minorities group of people in the United States fight for the equal rights had been guaranteed in the Constitution, against racism, social class, and gender. It ended the segregation, racism, and gave societyRead MoreWhat Does It Mean You Say That Work Organisations And Workplace Cultures Are Gendered?2066 Words   |  9 PagesWhat does it mean to say that work organisations and workplace cultures are gendered? Connell (2005) argued that institutions such as work act as a site of ‘gender configuration’, in which gender is created, reinforced and internalized. Work organisations can be gendered in many forms; this could be through the occupations held by each sex which could result in them being gendered for example women are associated with being emotional and caring. These attributes are prevalent in the types of jobs

Cold Comfort Farm and Sons and Lovers Representation of Family Life Free Essays

The representation of family life in Cold Comfort Farm and Sons and Lovers Family life in Cold Comfort Farm ia portrayed negatively mostly throughout the novel. It’s one of the main themes in the novel and can be seen through Flora and the presentation of the ‘Starkadders’ (Flora’s distant relatives). Flora is not close to her family and says ‘If i find out i have any third cousins living at Cold Comfort called Seth, or Reuben, I shall not go’. We will write a custom essay sample on Cold Comfort Farm and Sons and Lovers Representation of Family Life or any similar topic only for you Order Now This shows that she’s already stereotyping her own family, showing that she knows nothing about them. Stella Gibbons seems to challenge the conventional family life by overthrowing normal restrictions like roles and social status that would be placed upon women in society, like Flora. Flora is a very independant women in the novel and doesn’t rely on men so she can live her life. Whereas Mrs Morel is totally dependant on her sons, Paul and William. Sons and Lovers was the third novel published by D. H. Lawrence. The novel recounts the coming of age of Paul Morel, the second son of Gertrude Morel and her hard-drinking, working-class husband, Walter Morel, who made his living as a miner. As Mrs Morel tries to find meaning in her life and emotional fulfilment through her bond with Paul, Paul seeks to break free of his mother through developing relationships with other women. In my chosen chapter for Cold Comfort Farm (chapter 2) Flora proceeds with her plan, despite Mary’s disapproval. Mary goes out to look at a brassiere to possibly add to her massive collection. Meanwhile, Flora writes to a bachelor uncle in Scotland, an aunt in Worthing, a cousin in South Kensington, and distant relatives who live on a farm in Howling, Sussex, known as Cold Comfort Farm. She takes time in stylize each letter to the relatives’ personalities, but as she knows nothing of the ones in Sussex, she keeps that one very straightforward. Three days later, Flora receives replies from all the relatives and looks at them with Mary. They all welcome her except there are issues that Flora can’t abide, such as having to share a room with a cousin or parrot. The letter from the relatives in Sussex is, however, intriguing. Flora’s Aunt Judith Starkadder seems different to all the others and would have more ‘messes to clean’. She decides to leave for Sussex the next morning. In my chosen extract for Sons and lovers (chapter 1, pages 26-27, from ‘Good gracious’ to ‘Its a lie, It’s a lie’) Mr Morel has come home drunk once again and Mrs Morel has had enough of his ‘childish’ and selfish behaviour. She confronts him in the kitchen where she is making him and the children food, he starts to raise his voice and become verbaly aggressive. This is the first time in the novel where we see the true side of Mr Morel. Throughout chapter two in Cold Comfort Farm the text is written in third-person, however, the focus is on Flora as she is narrating and also seems to give her own viewpoints despite the third-person structure. Gibbons portrays Flora as a strong, independant women and we can see this by her narrative structure â€Å"well my mind is made up, so there is no purpose in arguing†, said Flora’. This contrasts Sons and Lovers because Mrs Morel is far from independant, unlike Flora, who likes to ‘exploit’ her rights. Sons and Lovers is told mostly from a third-person point of view, as the narrator has access to the thoughts of the characters and moves back and forth in time while telling the story. In the extract Mr and Mrs Morel are arguing, bouncing back and forth off eachother, but Mr Morel is clearly the dominant person due to D. H. Lawrences’ use of language and imagery. ‘He dropped his two hands heavily on the table’ and ‘nasty little bitch! ’ makes Mrs Morel feel insignificant. At the start of chapter two in Cold Comfort Farm Flora presents family life as false and cold as she plans to write to her relatives, changing her style of writing to suit each individual personality. Before proceeding to write to her relatives she reveals her ‘dislike’ for her ‘fellow beings’. The tone achieved by using this self-centered attitued and blunt declaritives shows that she is determined to get what she wants. In the Sons and Lovers extract there are a lot of exclamitory sentences like ‘Good gracious, she cried, coming home in this drunken mess! and ‘Say you’re NOT drunk! ’. these quotes show true emotion and they also show that Mrs Morel has had enough of Mr Morels actions. In time, Mr Morels actions hurt his wife and his children untill they ‘despise’ him. These are not normal feelings a son should have towards their father. Different lexical sets have been used to show Floras true distance from her relati ves. ‘messy’, ‘revolting’, ‘grief’ all give a sence of a disease, stagnant life that no one would want to join, but Flora wants to for the ‘expirience’ of it all. Gives a feeling that family is bad, and must be stopped. She is using her relatives hospitality to get good writing material for when she’s ‘fifty-three’. Flora is disgusted at the thought of communicating with her ‘fellow-beings’ although this compound noun is not directly referring to her family members, it seems that Flora regards them in such an impersonal way. This impersonal tone is reinforced by saying ‘these people’ and ‘revolting’ making it clear that she doesn’t want to communicate with her relatives, again showing how independant she is. The Sons and Lovers extract has a lexical set of destressed and hurtful words. ‘cried’, ‘nasty little bitch’, ‘thrust’, ‘shut your face’. These set of words create a feeling of hatrid. Mrs Morel says ‘you don’t get as dunk as a lord on nothing’. Even in an argument where Mr Morel is clearly in the wrong, she still compares him to something great. ‘His hat over his eyes’, its almost as if he’s hiding the real him, he doesn’t want to be like this but the alcohol in his body is overpowering him, almost like the dominance of Flora in Cold Comfort Farm. How to cite Cold Comfort Farm and Sons and Lovers Representation of Family Life, Essays

Effective Management Personal and Professional Skills free essay sample

Three Personal and Three Professional Skills for Effective Management Effective Management is very crucial in a business, this helps in tackling problems by remaining focused and overcome challenging situations which a company may encounter. This also helps in making the company more efficient. To be an effective manager, one needs to have certain skills, both personal and professional skills. Personal skills The following are personal skills which a good and effective manager should have: †¢ Communication skills †¢ Supportive skills †¢ Enthusiasm Communication skills: It is essential for a manager to have good communication skills, especially with his employees. This is how ideas are conveyed and shared. Listening skills are also part of communication skills, there is no point of starting a communication without getting no feedback, or ignoring the feedback one may have given. A manager is not only there to make rules for staff to abide with, but the aim of a manager is to set up missions, goals and objectives for the company. We will write a custom essay sample on Effective Management: Personal and Professional Skills or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The manager needs to listen to new ideas which employees and other managers may propose and suggest. There should be no barriers to communication with employees, since the more communication there is, the more ideas are being shared. Communication skills maybe through various mediums- through phones, emails, face-to-face, meetings and presentations, an effective manager is to know how to choose the best medium of communication, depending on the message he would like to pass on to. Manager should not only have good communication skills with his employees but also when is during a meeting with other organisations, as he/she will be representing the whole organisation. If he/she gives negative impact, then the organisation is giving a negative reputation. Supportive skills: A manager should support staff and not make them feel inferior. By supporting employees, one is to listen to what they have to say and encourage them in every aspect. When the employees are getting the support they need, they feel more involved and this leads to higher motivation among staff members. High motivation helps them to work at their best performance, where better results are achieved. Therefore for optimum results, this is very important for a business. Enthusiasm: A manager is to be enthusiastic. It is known that negativity is contagious; this means that if for example employees are being supervised under a negative manager, they tend to be pessimistic as well. Managers are to bring enthusiasm at workplace with a ‘can-do’ attitude, if there will be no enthusiasm, there will be lack of motivation. Enthusiastic managers are determined, and so they strive to achieve the company’s goals and overcome any obstacles and challenges without giving up. Professional skills: †¢ Leadership skills †¢ Goal setting skills †¢ Problem solving skills Leadership skills: To have a good and effective management, a manager is to be able to motivate staff toward a common goal. A manager / leader is to know and understand the needs and characteristics of him/herself and of each staff member. This will help to show respect to every individual and to deal directly with each person. This creates a good rapport with all employees, which also leads to a higher motivation. Goal setting skills: There is no point of managing a business without having any aims and goals. A manager should set up goals for the employees to follow. Such goals are to be realistic and challenging. A manager strives to make the company successful, this cannot happen if the goals set are not challenging, if no new ideas are shared and the business would not adapt to new technology changes, it will make it no better than another company. An effective manager should set goals which are innovative. For every goal set, an intensive research is to be done, to verify that it satisfies the customers and potential customers demand. Problem solving skills: Every business sometime or another find obstacles and difficulties. To be an effective manager, one is to be a good problem solver, by analysing and tries to identify the cause of the problem. A manager should know how to come out with new ideas and new options to overcome the problem. It is important for one to evaluate well each option and to consult with other employees and/or managers to ensure that the best decision is being taken.

On June 11, 1993, The United State Supreme Court Upheld Essays

On June 11, 1993, the United State Supreme Court upheld Wisconsin's penalty enhancement law, which imposes harsher sentences on criminals who "intentionally select the person against whom the crime...is committed..because of the race, religion, color, disability, sexual orientation, national origin or ancestry of that person." Chief Justice Rehnquist delivered the opinion of the unanimous Court. This paper argues against the decision, and will attempt to prove the unconstitutionality of such penalty enhancement laws. On the evening of October 7, 1989, Mitchell and a group of young black men attacked and severely beat a lone white boy. The group had just finished watching the film "Mississippi Burning", in which a young black boy was, while praying, beaten by a white man. After the film, the group moved outside and Mitchell asked if they felt "hyped up to move on some white people". When the white boy approached Mitchell said, "You all want to fuck somebody up? There goes a white boy, Go get him." The boy was left unconscious, and remained in a coma for four days. Mitchell was convicted of aggravated battery, which carries a two year maximum sentence. The Wisconsin jury, however, found that because Mitchell selected his victim based on race, the penalty enhancement law allowed Mitchell to be sentenced to up to seven years. The jury sentenced Mitchell to four years, twice the maximum for the crime he committed without the penalty enhancement law. The U.S. Supreme Court?s ruling was faulty, and defied a number of precedents. The Wisconsin law is unconstitutional, and is essentially unenforceable. This paper primarily focuses on the constitutional arguments against Chief Justice Rehnquist?s decision and the statute itself, but will also consider the practical implications of the Wisconsin law, as well as a similar law passed under the new federal crime bill (Cacas, 32). The Wisconsin law and the new federal law are based on a model created by the Anti- Defemation League in response to a rising tide of hate-related violent crimes (Cacas, 33). Figures released by the Federal Bureau of Investigation show that 7,684 hate crimes motivated by race, religion, ethnicity, and sexual orientation were reported in 1993, up from 6,623 the previous year. Of those crimes in 1993, 62 percent were racially motivated (Cacas, 32). Certainly, this is a problem the nation must address. Unfortunately, the Supreme Court of the United States and both the Wisconsin and federal governments have chosen to address this problem in a way that is grossly unconstitutional. "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise therof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people to peaceably assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances." The most obvious arguments against the Mitchell decision are those dealing with the First Amendment. In fact, the Wisconsin Supreme Court ruled that the state statute was unconstitutional in their decision, which the U.S. Supreme Court overruled. The Wisconsim Supreme Court argued that the Wisconsin penalty enhancement statute, "violates the First Amendment directly by punishing what the legislature has deemed offensive thought." The Wisconsin Court also rejected the state's argument "that the statute punishes only the conduct of intentional selection of a victim". The Court's contention was that "the statute punishes the because of aspect of the defendant?s selection, the reason the defendant selected the victim, the motive behind the selection." The law is in fact a direct violation of the First Amendment, according to the Wisconsin Supreme Court, which said "the Wisconsin legislature cannot criminalize bigoted thought with which it disagrees." "If there is a bedrock principal underlying the First Amendment, it is that the government may not prohibit the expression of an idea simply because society finds the idea itself offensive or disagreeable". The Supreme Court was heard to utter such noble phrases as recently as 1989, in Texas v. Johnson. Unfortunately these idealistic principles seem to have been abandoned during Wisconsin v. Mitchell. Clearly, Mitchell's act of assaulting another human is a punishable crime, and no one could logiacally argue that the First Amendment protects this clearly criminal action. However, the state?s power to punish the action does not remove the constitutional barrier to punishing the criminal?s thoughts (Cacas, 337). The First Amendment has generally been interpreted to protect the thoughts, as well as the speech, of an individual (Cacas, 338). According to the Court?s majority opinion in Wooley v. Maynard, a 1977 case, "At the heart of the First Amendment is the notion that an individual should be free to believe as he will, and that in a free society one?s beliefs should be shaped by his mind

Take Advantage of Medical School Essay Samples

Take Advantage of Medical School Essay SamplesWriting a successful application essay in medical school is difficult and one of the greatest challenges in your career. The use of robbery essay samples can be a huge help in writing your essay and can also be used to apply for several top quality universities.Some people feel that it's not the best idea to use student essay samples as they can be somewhat vague. They may not be as specific as you would like them to be.However, there are many people who say that these medical school essay samples will help you to keep your interest and attention as you write your essay. This is because you can use these types of examples to begin with. There are many different types of samples which can be found online.The first thing you should do is research and check out the different types of essay samples available. There are free or even the article based essays. Other than this there are also other sample sources which are tailored specifically fo r the medical field.These types of papers which are targeted at a certain field and used as a tool for applying to medical school. You can use these to help with your medical school application and are extremely useful.When you are going through these essay samples you will see several different styles of writing. You should read the examples in an article form to make sure that it fits with the requirements you have for the essay.You should also be aware that you should only use this form of essay samples as a tool to help with your application and not a requirement. It's best if you can come up with your own unique style of writing to complement your background and interests.So you should use this type of writing to help you on your application and not something that you have to keep to. If you do this then you will be on your way to getting into a top quality medical school.

English Essay Sample on America What America Means to Me

English Essay Sample on America What America Means to Me When asked what America means to me, I think about the positive aspects of this great nation. The thing that makes America distinct from all other countries is the rights that an American citizen has in America. American citizens probably have more rights than the citizens from any other country in the world . The most important right an American citizen has is freedom, a freedom that a citizen from no other country on the globe has. The second and probably the most important thought that comes to my head when I think about America is how America is definitely the greatest country of our time. Another positive aspect of this great country is how beautiful it is, and how well preserved it is. Although these three things are wonderful things for a nation to be proud of, the people of America have to keep these things up or our great nation will disintegrate. What I mean when I say that the people of America are free I mean that there is a very detailed bill of rights in our constitution listing all of our rights and it is by far the largest list of rights any country has. Americans have freedom of speech, which lets anyone say anything as long as long as it does not offend anyone. Americans also have freedom of the press, which allows journalists to write whatever they want in newspapers. One of the most important rights that American citizens have, and has been the factor that has attracted most of Americas immigrants over the ages, is separation between church and state. This means that people in America can chose which religion to believe in, or to just not believe in any religion. Additionally Americans can choose what level of affiliation they want to observe of any particular religion. This point in the constitution is especially important to me because I am Jewish and many of the countries in the world would not let me follow in t he path of my religion. Overall, I think the rights that we have in America is the best thing about this fabulous country. The second thing that I think about when I am asked what America means to me is how America is the almost like the supreme ruler of the world. Among other things, America is the leader in economy, technology, and defense in the world. As well, Americas people have the best status of living in the entire world and should be an example to all growing countries. America also has one of the most advanced cultures in the world and it is being developed. An example of how America is the supreme ruler is when in the peace talks in Israel, both sides are asking America to be the peacemaker. Why ask America and not any country? Because America is the only country that really has the power to make peace there. I think the only reason why they asked Arab states to be allied with us is because of diplomatic reasons, but not any military reasons, because we probably have the best army in the world. However, we must work hard to stay at the top of all these things mentioned above. The third and sort of afterthought that I think about when I am asked what America means to me is America the beautiful. The reason why they made up this song is that it is true; America is beautiful and very beautiful at that. You probably only have to drive less than an hour from most major cities in order to arrive at a very well preserved, beautiful national park. Of course, these national parks are the only way to remember how America was before colonists settled here; it was calm and peaceful. Although we Americans have made man-made parks inside our cities for our own pleasure, we must face the facts. It is not the real thing. We have the real thing though and the only thing we must do is protect and preserve it. So, is that really what America means to me? Yes, I think so, yes very much so. All these things are true and I would really like to keep these things true by maintaining all of them. We must especially keep on working at being the best, because I am sure most Americans like being the best, and would hate to not be. In addition, although we might not think the other two things mentioned above are important, they are, and they are probably a key part of most of our lives today. The main point I am trying to make is that all these things are excellent, but they must still be preserved and improved.

Assigning Oxidation States Example Problem

Assigning Oxidation States Example Problem The oxidation state of an atom in a molecule refers to the degree of oxidation of that atom. Oxidation states are assigned to atoms by a set of rules based on the arrangement of electrons and bonds around that atom. This means each atom in the molecule has its own oxidation state which could be different from similar atoms in the same molecule.These examples will use the rules outlined in Rules for Assigning Oxidation Numbers. Key Takeaways: Assigning Oxidation States An oxidation number refer to the quantity of electrons that may be gained or lost by an atom. An atom of an element may be capable of multiple oxidation numbers.The oxidation state is the positive or negative number of an atom in a compound, which may be found by comparing the numbers of electrons shared by the cation and anion in the compound needed to balance each others charge.The cation has a positive oxidation state, while the anion has a negative oxidation state. The cation is listed first in a formula or compound name. Problem: Assign oxidation states to each atom in H2OAccording to rule 5, oxygen atoms typically have an oxidation state of -2.According to rule 4, hydrogen atoms have an oxidation state of 1.We can check this using rule 9 where the sum of all oxidation states in a neutral molecule is equal to zero.(2 x 1) (2 H) -2 (O) 0 TrueThe oxidation states check out.Answer: The hydrogen atoms have an oxidation state of 1 and the oxygen atom has an oxidation state of -2.Problem: Assign oxidation states to each atom in CaF2.Calcium is a Group 2 metal. Group IIA metals have an oxidation of 2.Fluorine is a halogen or Group VIIA element and has a higher electronegativity than calcium. According to rule 8, fluorine will have an oxidation of -1.Check our values using rule 9 since CaF2 is a neutral molecule:2 (Ca) (2 x -1) (2 F) 0 True.Answer: The calcium atom has an oxidation state of 2 and the fluorine atoms have an oxidation state of -1.Problem: Assign oxidation states to the atoms in hypochlorou s acid or HOCl. Hydrogen has an oxidation state of 1 according to rule 4.Oxygen has an oxidation state of -2 according to rule 5.Chlorine is a Group VIIA halogen and usually has an oxidation state of -1. In this case, the chlorine atom is bonded to the oxygen atom. Oxygen is more electronegative than chlorine making it the exception to rule 8. In this case, chlorine has an oxidation state of 1.Check the answer:1 (H) -2 (O) 1 (Cl) 0 TrueAnswer: Hydrogen and chlorine have 1 oxidation state and oxygen has -2 oxidation state.Problem: Find the oxidation state of a carbon atom in C2H6. According to rule 9, the sum total oxidation states add up to zero for C2H6.2 x C 6 x H 0Carbon is more electronegative than hydrogen. According to rule 4, hydrogen will have a 1 oxidation state.2 x C 6 x 1 02 x C -6C -3Answer: Carbon has a -3 oxidation state in C2H6.Problem: What is the oxidation state of the manganese atom in KMnO4?According to rule 9, the sum total of oxidation states of a neutral molecule equal zero. K Mn (4 x O) 0Oxygen is the most electronegative atom in this molecule. This means, by rule 5, oxygen has an oxidation state of -2.Potassium is a Group IA metal and has an oxidation state of 1 according to rule 6.1 Mn (4 x -2) 01 Mn -8 0Mn -7 0Mn 7Answer: Manganese has an oxidation state of 7 in the KMnO4 molecule.Problem: What is the oxidation state of the sulfur atom in the sulfate ion - SO42-.Oxygen is more electronegative than sulfur, so the oxidation state of oxygen is -2 by rule 5.SO42- is an ion, so by rule 10, the sum of the oxidation numbers of the ion is equal to the charge of the ion. In this case, the charge is equal to -2.S (4 x O) -2S (4 x -2) -2S -8 -2S 6Answer: The sulfur atom has an oxidation state of 6.Problem: What is the oxidation state of the sulfur atom in the sulfite ion - SO32-?Just like the previous example, oxygen has an oxidation state of -2 and the total oxidation of the ion is -2. The only difference is the one less oxygen. S (3 x O) -2S (3 x -2) -2S -6 -2S 4Answer: Sulfur in the sulfite ion has an oxidation state of 4.

Overview of the Issue Presented in the News Article Essay

Overview of the Issue Presented in the News Article - Essay Example The facility of child tax credit facilitates families to have certain amount of credit for all dependent children in against federal income tax. Moreover, the article describes that in the US, there are various sorts of programs which are initiated with the objective of assisting the poor. These programs include healthcare facilities as well as tax benefits for facilitating the people who are in need. These are the factors which are involved in the article with regard to poverty in the US (The Economist Newspaper Limited, 2012). Model or Economic Theory of Poverty The model or economic theory which is related with the issue i.e. poverty as depicted in the news article is as follows: Neo-classical Theory The model or economic theory of poverty which is related with the issue i.e. poverty in the news article is the neoclassical theory. The neoclassical theory states that income is distributed in accordance with the hard work as well as skills which are devoted by individuals. In this r espect, the people who are poor are considered to be lazy as well as to be lacking in terms of competencies to perform their activities in an efficient manner. Moreover, in accordance with this theory, wage structure is also determined to be a major factor for poverty. The wage structures of laborers are not sufficient in order to bear up the cost of living of the whole family. Moreover, the competencies of laborers assist in determining the wages to be offered. The laborers are paid according to their skills as well as abilities. Thus, this theory is also based on the concept of marginal productivity conceptions. The workers are required to devote significant time in work with the intention of acquiring... he model or economic theory of poverty which is related with the issue i.e. poverty in the news article is the neoclassical theory. The neoclassical theory states that income is distributed in accordance with the hard work as well as skills which are devoted by individuals. In this respect, the people who are poor are considered to be lazy as well as to be lacking in terms of competencies to perform their activities in an efficient manner. Moreover, in accordance with this theory, wage structure is also determined to be a major factor for poverty. The wage structures of laborers are not sufficient. Moreover, the competencies of laborers assist in determining the wages to be offered. The laborers are paid according to their skills as well as abilities. Thus, this theory is also based on the concept of marginal productivity conceptions. The workers are required to devote significant time in work with the intention of acquiring enough financial resources for supporting their families as well as meeting all their requirements in an effective manner. The neo-classical economic theory states as well as predicts the different causes of poverty which include the notion that individuals seek to improve their respective economic conditions without any consideration for other individuals. This signifies that individuals invest with the motive of improving their respective well-being. The poor people in this regard do not possess enough incentives for improving their financial positions.

Supply Chain Design Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Supply Chain Design Paper - Essay Example This can be seen as both advantageous and disadvantageous. Advantages of Riordan’s manufacturing strategy Increases quality There is one major advantage with regard to this manufacturing strategy is the ability to increase the precision of the manufacturing process. Highly customised goods processes make it easier to increase quality as the employees will master the functions and ensure they are able to produce perfect products. Meeting individual needs of individual customers Customisation means that each customer can get a product that directly and closely meets their needs (Fogliatto & Silveira, 2011). However, firms involved in mass manufacturing find it harder to be able to customise their products to individual customer needs. However, with competition increasing and making it harder for firms to compete for the customers, it is necessary to increase the rates of satisfaction in customers. Mass customisation is an attempt to make mass production as customer customised as possible. It is looking at the needs of the customer as closely as possible and making sure that customers will get a product which is as close to their needs as possible. Mass customisation therefore increases customer satisfaction and this makes the firm more competitive in the market. Disadvantages Increased costs Customisation makes it is easier to deliver to the customers products they want but at an increased cost. In manufacturing, the biggest issue is that defects costs the firm a lot. It is the dream of every manufacturer to reduce the defect rate to as low as it can be possible so as to help the firm will not have losses. Every defective product is a loss to the firm because defective products cannot be sold. Mass customisation has the disadvantage of increasing the defect rates and therefore increasing the losses associated with the defects. Apart from increased defects rates making costs to go higher, mass customisation increases the cost of producing a single product ( Chandra & Kamrani, 2011). In other words, even in the absence of the issue of defects rates, customized manufacturing is not as cost effective as the mass production. Increasing the costs will mean that the firm will have to increase the prices of the product, and this may deny the firm the competitive edge in the market. Cannot be achieved wholly Mass customisation is usually a compromise that the firm has to make, and there is never a time where the firm will be able to fully customize the products. In regard to this, firm has to understand that not all products can be customised. In fact, as Blecke (2005) says, not all products need to be customized. Mass customisation only works where the product end customer is a mass buy. In cases where the end buyer is the individual, it becomes much harder to mass customize, and it becomes very impossible to meet the individual needs of millions of customers. Mass customisation is therefore an idea that is simple in theory and difficult in p ractice. In this regard, it is important to be able to understand that mass customisation may only be a hype which needs to be looked at critically. Flowchart Metrics to evaluate performance Issue Concern Impact Meeting customer needs It meets the customer needs High Cost management The costs associated with is are not prohibitive High Applicability It is applicable High Relevance It is relevant for the product High Market outlook It improves the market outlook Medium In the above metric, the most important thing is to determine whether the costs incurred in

Case Study of Business Strategy Of Marks And Spencer

Case Study of Business Strategy Of Marks And Spencer Marks and Spencer is one of the biggest traders having inheritance of more than one hundred and twenty years. It has more than 895 stores in more than 40 regions all over the world. Its head office is in U.K, in the city of Westminster. Michael Marks from Slonim, Russia and Thomas Spencer a cashier from Yorkshire are the pioneers of this U.Ks biggest retailers. At Leeds (Kirkgate market) in 1884, Michael Marks started his own business by opening a penny bazaar stall. Then to develop his business he opened a shop at Manchester with the partnership of Thomas Spencer. H:st college assingmentsMS assingq no 51201445_MarksSpencerSheffieldHistory.jpg After the death of both the pioneers of the company Michael Marks Simon became the chairman of company while William Chapman took the helm until 1960. During the Era of Michael Simon Company touch the highest point .The business was floated as a public limited company after 10 years. In 1998 it was the first company of U.K who earned the profit of one billion pounds after tax deduction. Marks and Spencer prohibited smoke first time in store that later on became a legal offence to smoke at public places. Marks and Spencer mainly deals in Clothing, Home Ware, Food, Technology, Beauty, Financial Services, Energy and Hospitality. PLAN A: The Customers are becoming more conscious about natural and environmental issues, so for this Marks and Spencer launched plan A, which consists of 180 commitments to overcome the challenges. Many problems are related with Climate Change, Waste Reduction, Ethical Trading, Sustainable Raw Material and Health. To tackle these changes Marks and Spencer is doing much effort. C:UsersFaisalDesktopimagesCAXD7DW8.jpg In March 2010 Marks and Spencer expanded plan A introduced 80 more commitments and added them up with the existing ones. In these commitments their primary focus is on climate changes, waste, natural resources, fair partner, health and well being. These five main pillars are described below: C:UsersFaisalPicturesimagesCAV6T6WW.jpg CLIMATE CHANGE: Due to an increase in greenhouse gases produced by the human activities the earth is getting warmer day by day causing many damaging consequences. In 2006/07 Marks and Spencer cut their carbon emissions to 8% by reducing the usage of energy. Marks n Spencer also committed that up to 2015, they will improve their energy efficiency by 35%. C:UsersFaisalDesktopimagesCA3FRFRV.jpg WASTE: Every year the U.K has to throw away 400 tonnes of waste that comes from construction, industry, households and discarded packaging. The waste that is not recycled ends up in landfill sites which take many years to decompose. Marks and Spencer claimed that in the year of 2009/10 they have achieved the recycling level to 88% while reducing the amount of waste to 16%.They have reduced the food waste by 29% as compared to the years 2006/07.Marks and Spencer collected 133 million clothes hangers and reused 76% of them and recycled the rest. C:UsersFaisalPicturesimagesCAM1CR39.jpg They have also recycled their construction waste up to 89%.Marks and Spencer are committed to do that by 2015 they want to landfill help their customers to recycle or reuse their packaging and products. They will also help their suppliers to reduce the waste and to gain zero rates as well. NATURAL RESORCES: In plan A Marks and Spencer aimed to get as much of their raw material from their natural resources as possible. It is the U.Ks first company who has signed the WWF sea food charter, with 62 % of their wild sea food. Marks Spencer also purchased Green palm certificate to cover all the palm oil to use their Marks and Spencer product. C:UsersFaisalPicturesimagesCAG3OZ2S.jpg Fair Partner: Marks and Spencer has a vision that they are very strong in their communities and ensure good working conditions. Marks and Spencer has the lowest employee turnover rate in UK retail i.e. 14%.Marks and Spencer is offering competitive salaries, discount to their employees, bonuses and share save options to their employees. It provides different training programmes to the employees. Every employee has to undertake Marks Spencer Career Path Training and learning programmes .While the managers have to attend the different workshops to boost their capabilities. Marks and Spencer is trying to provide the best salary packages for the employees. C:UsersFaisalDesktopimagesCAF15VPV.jpg Health and Wellbeing: Unhealthy food is one of the main factors of many health problems. According to the part of the commitment of Plan A Marks and Spencer encouraged its customers and employees to get healthy and nutritious food by developing new product ranges. Marks and Spencer has launched online diet forums and health newsletters to allow active dialogue with the customers on nutrition and health. Marks and Spencer has removed artificial flavours and colours from all of its food products and soft drinks. It has also removed 90% of salt in its products. Very few of the products still does not meet the required standard of health and nutrition but Marks and Spencer is working hard to bring it in line according to the required standard. C:UsersFaisalPicturesimagesCACFVO3Z.jpg Analysis of the external environment: According to plan A Marks and Spencer has also taken into consideration the external environment of the company. External environment means the factors that directly or indirectly affect the internal function and perhaps business strategy and objectives as well. Most common factors of external environment are political, social, economic and technical. These factors are totally out of control of the organisation, but the company could be able to take some steps to overcome these challenges. Basically the external environment defines the competitive situation of an organisation and potentially can have both positive and negative impacts on businesses. Target analysis has four major categories of external factors that affect the companys capability to grow. Based on operation region, external environment is divided into three interactive segments which is remote, industrial and operational environment. External factors produce different influences on the companys productivity. On the ot her hand some influences are inter-linked with each other. For example information technology completely changed the way of work, customer behaviour and life style as well. Based on PEST analysis four major factors are going to be discussed in detail. Political Environment: Political stability in a country attracts the investors to do investment and that is a very key factor to grow business. Secondly, government trade policy, is either flexible or hard. Every organisation operates under the government policy about trade and within the legal frame work. The legal frame work covers many areas like tax rates, employees benefits, wage legislation, trade regulation and tariff. Suppliers, customers and competitors are also affected by the political environment. Economical Environment: Economic conditions also affect organisations external environment. In this regard some factors that influence business are tax rates, inflation, money supply, government need, economic growth rate and the tendency to spend at international and national level. Social Environment: In social context, normally Britain customers lean towards a specific product. In every transaction product quality matters a lot, but it could easily be beaten by offering lower pricing of the same brand. Some fresh analysis about Britains customers is that they prefer some fashionable styles over classic trends. This can be seen in Marks Spencers case because they are still struggling to get a bigger market share. This indicates that British buyers are very keen about their wealth. Technological Environment: Now a days a large number of the population is able to use the internet. It means that by using e-commerce many organisations can widen their horizons and do many more operations. This can be seen in foremost companies like Sainsbury, Tesco and ASDA as well. These days most of the trading and purchasing is done through the internet, and it has also become a competitive advantage of Marks and Spencer. Analysis of External Environment of MS: The U.K retail market is very eye-catching. The company has full support from the government. Because Marks Spencer has rich historic values and has become a very powerful organisation in the business world, new competitors are finding it very challenging to keep up with the quality of products and services that Marks Spencer provide. Analysis of the organisations internal environment and identification: In Plan A Marks and Spencer has taken internal analysis, which is also called SWOT analysis. This is a very important part of business development. SWOT analysis is a simple structure for generating strategic alternative from a situation analysis. SWOT is an abbreviation for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. In late 1960, Edmund defined SWOT structure. Learned, C. Roland, Christiansen, Kenneth Andrews and William d Goth in Business Policy, Text and Cases (Homewood, IL; Irwin 1969).In the 1980s General Electric Growth Council used this form of analysis. Basically, it throws light on thecompanys strengths weaknesses. The strengths highlight the different aspects that bring results in market value and the weaknesses draw the attention to those areas which need improvements. SWOT analysis is fruitful where you have to tackle a complex situation in a limited time frame. Organisation of an effective strategy is based on a clear definition of the organizations mission. For the success of an organization it requires some necessary ingredients which are listed below: Strategy must be carefully verbalized, applied, manageable and accomplished. Internal analysis of the organisation is an essential part in the strategic planning process. During 2005-06 Marks and Spencer had seventy thousand employees globally. The Company changed the employees structure according to the nature of the customers that used the products and services of Marks Spencer. Marks and Spencer also pledge to promoting equal opportunities regardless of age, disability,race, views about politics, working hours and religion. Marks and Spencer arrange flexible working schedules for fatherhood, adoption and IVF treatment, child and career break to boost their employees uniformity. Marks and Spencer also runs Business Involvement Group (BIG), which is a work demonstration forum in all their stores and offices that inspire their work force to share information and develop discussion about the companys business. If we talk about salary and welfare, the company has some incentive packages that include fundamental fixed pay. As for training, in 2005-06 more than 102,000 days were fixed for training purpose in which Marks and Spencer try to develop inner aptitude and skill of their workers. Marks and Spencer proved that they have great concern about health and safety of their employees by providing a wide range of work related health services. The companys code of ethics is also developing to give guideline to their member concerning their responsibilities towards customers, workers, stockholders, dealers, societies, government and the environment. Identification of the major issues challenging Marks Spencer: Marks and Spencer is one of the UKs biggest traders, giving different services to their customers in the field of food, clothing, and house hold products. They tried at their best level to give good customer service at an affordable price, but it is not always very easy. Marks and Spencer are losing their trend towards the youngstersand their other opponents in the market are taking advantage of this weak point. This is the biggest challenge that Marks and Spencer is facing nowadays. To overcome this weak point Marks and Spencer is also taking steps to provide cheaper products to their customer, but for this they have to import their raw materials, which also lessen the Marks and Spencers image of British Goods Seller. Cards and cash methods have been used for payment since 2001. Marks and Spencer have seen very tough times during the period of recession, but now it seems as though everything is going back to normal. The companys thirteen weeks before the start of OCT (2010) was very hope full. Homeware made an astonishing growth in sales up to 7% and food stuff which was last year 3.6%, this year it increases up to 3.7%.The clothing section is also growing and is the most rapidly expanding sales item of Marks and Spencer. During the autumn the women shoes sales touched a record, which Marks and Spencer claims that it was because of their strong advertisement. External environment and the impact on the strategic direction of the organisation: Strategic direction means those incentives that a company adopts for the achievement of its target i.e. how to produce, develop and sell its products. Basically strategic direction is the planning that an organisation follows for the marketing of its products. Marks and Spencer introduced a plan that they named as PLAN A the purpose behind which is to become worlds most sustainable retailer. For the success of any organisation it is very necessary to keep an eye on the environmental changes that occurs outside the organisation. As these changes affect the strategy of any organisation, it has to alter its rules and regulations according to the environmental changes. There are four main external environmental factors that effect the strategic direction of any organisation. a) Political b) Economic c) Technological d) Social The political condition plays a vital role to put an impact on the strategy of an organisation as it refers to the government policies. If the government introduces new laws and the organisation has some policies or rules and regulations that conflicts with the existing government laws, it has to alter its rules and regulations and make them according to the governments policy. The change in the political condition can affects the strategic direction of the organisation as every government has its own policies and the organisation cannot work against the laws of the country. Economic condition has also a deep effect on the strategic direction of an organisation. The economic condition of any country has a deep rooted effect. It includes taxation rates, economic growth rate and capability to invest at national and international levels. The rapid change in technology is another factor that can affect the strategic direction of an organisation .With the passage of time new techniques and machines are coming up and it is very important to adopt new techniques for the development of a business. In the social environment the consumer plays a vital role to affect on the strategic direction of the organisation. The organisation has to provide the products and services according to the requirements of the consumer. The lifestyle trends, ethical issues, media views, law changes, buying access, brand, religion beliefs, demographics and fashion are the social factors that can affect the strategy of the organisation. What should the organisation do to achieve or maintain competitive advantage in its industries? Competitive advantage: A companys competitive advantages are the features that give permission to do best even in average industry extensive performance and free entry into the industry as a whole. Every company has some definite abilities which make it different from other companies in the same industries. It has some unique competences that cannot be replicated by the opponents. Many companies complete their management price by using effective use of skills to organise their jobs. One example of such a company is Marks and Spencer. This company use technology to locate their goods. The company also use technology to coordinate between different departments. It brings more proficiency and less expenditure, and as a result production cost is low. On -the-counter payment was also introduced by Marks Spencer. It was very beneficial for the company as they need only a small amount of employees, so as a result labour cost was minimized and profit margin were increased. Marks and Spencer with more than 100 years of experience have a competitive advantage over most of their counter parts, because the company earn the trust and reputation among the customers, their workers and suppliers. Their customers have an extensive collection and are fully confident about the companys products and services.They also get value for money as well. Marks and Spencer demonstrates a shared sense of doing things, with their strong inner structure that moves around permanent employment relationships and strong organisational routines. In the external environment Marks and Spencer fully focus on product specification and design to continue their relationship with the customer, which lasts for many years. As part of their business accountability the company has strong conservational and communal responsibilities. TSE Stated that Marks and Spencer use modern methods of management like consumer research, planning, personal management, product innovation, staff training and many more and has proved itself as a founder and outshined among all other companies (1985).Marks Spencer maintain a strong organisational structure that is run by comparatively normal employees who get excellent results over many years, although many changes have occured in the economic environment (1995). Although, over the recent years, due to the big recession the company has had to face downfalls in some of their retailing areas, but they have managed to overcome all their uncertain hurdles through flexibility, that their opponents view as unnerving. According to an analyst Terhi Halme (2008) ,Even though Marks and Spencer has carried out extensive reformation over the past years, the companys competitive advantage has not been fully revived, so the firm could be able to answerable to the current down turn in British retail market. The decline rate during the past few months has been increased in their food unit and as a result revenue has dropped. Because of this, the food sector is also losing its market share. The management have to step up marketing and promotional spending to protect the market share. Additionally the team confidence is also diminish because of changed management, and therefore not been able to generate sustainable improvements. It is possible that Asian and Middle East companies that are in search of western products will take a look at the market shares of Marks and Spencer as presenting buying opportunities at the present price, especially during this recession. Conclusion: Marks and Spencers main aim is to become the worlds most sustainable retailer by 2015. To achieve this target Marks and Spencer introduce Plan A in which it has highlighted five factors to achieve their business goal that is climate change, waste, sustainable raw material, fair partnership and health. There are some internal and external environmental factors that affect the business strategy of the organisation. Internal factors are under the control of the organisation that deals with the strengths and weaknesses. But the external environmental factors are beyond the control of the organisation. Marks and Spencer has also taken initiative to maintain and improve its position. It provides good customer services, using modern techniques, and provides products according to the demand of the customers.