Advanced Audit and Assurance Essay

These briefing notes evaluate the business risks facing Grohl Co, and identify and explain four risks of material misstatement to be considered in planning the audit of the financial statements for the year ended 30 November 2012. In addition, two ethical issues are discussed and relevant actions recommended. (i) Business risks Imported goods – exchange rate fluctuations Grohl Co relies on a key component of its production process being imported from overseas. This exposes the company to exchange rate volatility and consequentially cash flow fluctuations. The company chooses not to mitigate this risk by using forward exchange contracts, which may not be a wise strategy for a business so reliant on imports. Exchange gains and losses can also cause volatility in profits, and as the company already has a loss for the year, any adverse movements in exchange rates may quickly increase this loss. Imported goods – transportation issues Heavy reliance on imports means that transportation costs will be high, and with fuel costs continuing to increase this will put pressure on Grohl Co’s margins. It is not just the cost that is an issue – reliance on imports is risky as supply could be disrupted due to aviation problems, such as the grounding of aircraft after volcanic eruptions or terrorist activities. Reliance on imported goods increases the likelihood of a stock out. Unless Grohl Co keeps a reasonable level of copper wiring as inventory, production would have to be halted if supply were interrupted, creating idle time and inefficiencies, and causing loss of customer goodwill. Reliance on single supplier All of Grohl Co’s copper wiring is supplied by one overseas supplier. This level of reliance is extremely risky, as any disruption to the supplier’s operations, for example, due to financial difficulties or political interference, could result in the curtailment of supply, leading to similar problems of stock outs and halted production as discussed above. Quality control issues Since appointing the new supplier of copper wiring, Grohl Co has subsequently experienced quality control issues with circuit boards, which could result in losing customers (discussed further below). This may have been due to changing supplier as part of a cost-cutting exercise. Given that the new supplier is overseas, it may make resolving the quality control issues more difficult. Additional costs may have to be incurred to ensure the quality of goods received, for example, extra costs in relation to electrical testing of the copper wiring. The company’s operating margins for 2012 are already low at only 4% (2011 – 7Â ·2%), and additional costs will put further pressure on margins. High-technology and competitive industry Grohl Co sells into a high-technology industry, with computers and mobile phones being subject to rapid product development. It is likely that Grohl Co will need to adapt quickly to changing demands in the marketplace, but it may not have the resources to do this.

Drug Dilemmas Essay

Read Case 5.2 on pp. 226- 228 – Drug Dilemmas. (Of course, you must read Chapter 5 prior to reading the case 🙂 Chapter 5 is very interesting in many respects. We need to consider whether corporations have social responsibilities and whether they have moral responsibilities in addition to making profits. You can see it’s a difficult balance to attain. Go to pages 202-203 to read about â€Å"Corporate Moral Agency† and the 2010 Supreme Court ruling giving corporations First Amendment rights. As you know, the First Amendment gives us, among other rights, the freedom of speech. Although corporations had limited â€Å"personhood† rights prior to the 2010 decision, now they have rights indistinguishable from individual citizens. Justice Roberts believes that â€Å"a corporation, just like an individual, has many diverse interests†¦indistinguishable from the individual who owns them.† Now, perhaps we need to reevaluate the responsibilities that accompany the rights given to corporations. If a corporation has rights equal to a living human person, then what responsibilities accompany such important rights? Here are some ideas we should be addressing in this forum: 1. Given the nature of their product, do pharmaceutical companies have ethical responsibilities that other corporations don’t have? In your view, are the large U.S. drug companies good corporate citizens? (Hint: Remember Chapter 2 and the Kantian good will, do no harm, always promote good, categorical imperative, or the utilitarian view of the greatest good for everyone involved.) 2. Assess the motivations of drug companies that do their testing overseas. Do you think test subjects are being exploited? Under what circumstances, if any, are companies morally justified in testing overseas? 3. Finally, do drug companies have an obligation to make new drugs available to patients who were involved in their development in the U.S. or overseas? No, I don’t feel that pharmaceutical companies have ethical respnsiblilities that other corporation don’t have. The reason I feel like this is because pharmaceutical companies have the ability to conduct research and save money and by while conducting their research overseas they avoid any restreiction of the FDA. That when you can go to Kantian good will, do no harm, allways promot good categorical imperative or utilitarian view of the greatest good for everyone involved. To use Kantian again, people are being used as guinea pigs, because when using patients in studies and not being able to contin;ue to help them after the study is not ethical to me. I do think that by tesing overseas the subject is being exploited because the help is not continueouly. They have the ability to test overseas circumvents Let’s engage in this fascinating topic using your knowledge you have gained thus far. The discussions will be grated according to this scale: Very good, 10 points: student demonstrates full understanding of the reading material and application of the material and moral theories to this case. Good, 8-9 points: student demonstrates basic understanding of the reading material and application of the material and moral theories to this case. Fair, 6-7 points: student demonstrates partial understanding of the material, but provides some important insights.

Changes to America Result from Civil War and Reconstruction

In the late 1800s, the civil war and the revival period brought about a big difference in America. After the Declaration of Independence, regardless of race, many social changes are necessary to protect the rights of all people. The result of war and reconstruction changed the political, social and economic landscape of the United States. Document A proposes economic coordination through Congressional speech on new banks and currency strategies. In documents B, C, D, G, H there is a big social change in the United States. The civil war has had a great influence on the United States politically, socially and economically. Because of the civil war, the politics of the United States changed. After the end of the civil war, Republicans dominated China's politics through rebuilding. This is a fundamental Republic rebuilding plan implemented in the south. For a while, some Caucasian southern people did not participate in the political process. They are banned from parliamentary elections b ecause they are former leaders of the Congress or because their country has not yet re-approved Congress. Because of the fundamental fundamental Republican rebuilding plan, many Caucasian southern people will support the Democratic Party after having been able to participate again in the political process for years. Many African Americans have supported the Republican Party for years, watching the Republican Party finish slavery and helping them by giving them some rights. How does the US civil war affect the economic, political and social structure of the United States? What is the main change that it caused? Civil war is the turning point of American history, the era of reconstruction completed the change brought about by the result of civil war and war. At the same time, the result of civil war and reconstruction was disappointing with the majority of the American people, especially the slaves who were one of the main promoters of the civil war, but reconstruction gave them basic rights and freedom. . However, the status of African Americans has not changed much. Nevertheless, while the civil war and reconstruction set the foundation for further development of the United States as the country, at the same time, civil war and reconstruction are the basis for further discussion among different social groups, such as social tension among different ethnic groups It was. A relationship

Data Encryption Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Data Encryption - Essay Example , storing as well as managing our passwords allowing us to click just the once and obtain the entire the password regarding information we require without encompassing to be afraid of data susceptibility. Simple multi-user arrangement permits by PassMonster enterprise-wide. PassMonster offers business to put together faultlessly into our present computing situation thus making it simple to install as well as utilize this application by a lot of users as we require. This system offers the facility to the users to place perceptive files in the folder organized through the IT Supervisor, DEOS take control to consistently encrypt files in batch format when Users shut down their systems. By means of the Timed-Interval Encryption utility, a User places secret files in the directory created through our IT manager, DeltaCrypt will encode/encrypt them consecutively at the timed-period set. If DeltaCrypt determines a vulnerable file, it will automatically encrypt that particular file. In DeltaCrypt by means of the .ADM file placed in the Active Directory Group Policy administration, this system offers alternatives those are simply organized through the IT manager. As of the encryption algorithm to the client password arrangement, DeltaCrypt configuration is formed according to our safety requirements. In the present age of information technology we are facing a lot of challenges such as data hacking and theft. In this scenario the Encryption is the only way that offers enhanced support for handling and managing the security and privacy of the data. In this scenario I have analyzed three top encryption software applications. I have assessed some of the main advantages and potential benefits attained through these systems. However I have found DeltaCrypt DEOS more excellent in case of offering better and enhanced solution for the business and personal data security. Encryption is one of the main tools for ensuring information security. We cannot imagine a security

Personal Responsibility Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Personal Responsibility - Essay Example Student B is saying, â€Å"The exam was very difficult for me, and I will not be surprised if I get an F, but, I should have known better and spent more time revising instead of playing video games†. Both cases are of course hypothetical; nevertheless they personify common phenomena in schools wherein some students take responsibility of their actions (B) and others like A want to abscond this. Ultimately, by accepting responsibility B has identified the problem hence has an idea of how to rectify the situation in posterity. â€Å"A†, on the other hand, might fail more exams in the future since he is not willing to take responsibility for his inactions and blames a third part whose errors he cannot rectify. This essay discusses the role of personal responsibility in students, as well as some of the strategies they may use to improve their chances of achieving success in their various field of study. It is the onus of every student to ensure they come up with the best pl ans and strategies, so they can guarantee their academic success. For a student to come up with these strategies, it is imperative they put into consideration first several factors, have the strategies they want to use been used before in similar circumstances? If so, were they successful? They could also consider the resources in terms of time and academic resources, so they make strategies, which they will be able to execute from within their budgeted time, and other resources. The past is also an important consideration when it comes to strategizing; before one makes any plans to improve themselves, it is crucial they consider what lead to their lackluster or mediocre performance in the past. A student wishing to see real improvement must first do a thorough post Mortem of the past performance, in order to identify the weak points in past plans and avoid repeating them in the new strategy. Student may apply the following are strategies to improve their performance; They should ta ke to account the learning styles which provide them with the best results this is the individuals preferred orientation toward learning (Bulut andYukselturk, 2007). Some students learn through class discussion others through listening in class and other by active research where they seek out the answers for themselves; the student should hence apply whichever technique, or combination of techniques, that works for them and hence adapt their plan to the most suitable learning theory for the best results. The student directly takes personal responsibility for their performance through setting personal goals, since they dictate, autonomously, the kind performance they wish to achieve. Operating in any situation without predetermined goals is analogous to running a race without a finish line. As such goals are a vital aspect of any accomplishment in academic pursuits, they can be measured in a number of ways depending on individual students such s Grades, or personal fitness and other forms of self-improvement like, read two books a week. Goals should be specific, measurable, and students should write them down and ensure they are in a place where they are seen daily, so they are a constant reminder. One should also have both long-term and short-term goals, the latter, which help them evaluate their

How Interest Rates Affect the People Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

How Interest Rates Affect the People - Essay Example An article was presented in the media by the Austin-American Statesman which is a part of the COX Newspapers group. The title of the Article was ‘Nasty surprise may await homeowners with adjustable mortgages’ and it was written by Susan Tompur. Basically, the article discusses how rising interest rates could negatively affect homeowners who have adjustable rate mortgages. If their interest rates rise high enough, they may not be able to make payments on their mortgages which could lead to a situation of foreclosures or for them seeking cheaper housing options. While the article considers the situation in a rather simplified manner, the real connection between interest rates and the housing market is quite complex since the setting of the interest rate is dependant on several things such as the monetary policies of the government and the direction of the economy. On the other hand, the housing market itself depends strongly on supply and demand as well as the relation to mortgage interest rates or housing finance products which are created by banks or offered by other lending associations that deal with the housing market.

Marx on Alienation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marx on Alienation - Essay Example According to the study findings  Hegel’s â€Å"spirit† represents totality of human life activity but which is always in contradiction with what it has itself produced, and which confronts it as something alien hence for him, â€Å"labor is the essence of man†. The problem is that Hegel only recognizes mental labor since men are thinking beings. On the other hand, Marx believes the essence of man is material labor and alienation results from man’s relationship with the products of his labor. Marx recognizes four kinds of alienation: alienation from product of his work; alienation from the activity of production leading to ‘loss of self’; from his species-being and alienation from other men.This paper will discuss these forms of alienation as depicted by  Ã‚   Marx and gaining insights from Hegel’s philosophy which forms the basis of Marx’s work. The paper will also evaluate which of his ideas are valuable and which are not gi ving reasons why. The Hegel’s concept of alienation from which Marx borrows from is based on man as a self-conscious being. That is, man knows the existence of other things but he does not relate to them objectively but only in the abstract form since they are just imagined things of philosophical mind which according to Hegel is â€Å"nothing but the alienated world-mind thinking within the bounds of its self-alienation†. Man’s products in this case, are products of abstract mind (mental labor) and man is equated to self-consciousness. This self-consciousness is his alienation.  

''Have courage to use your own reason''-that is th motto of Essay

''Have courage to use your own reason''-that is th motto of enlightenment. What according to Kant is the the task for mankind in - Essay Example Kant argued that enlightenment in a man pertains to a state when the latter has overcome or emerged above his immature self whereby it is claimed that beyond man’s immaturity, there exists sufficient capacity to understand in the absence of external guiding principle. In this proposition, the immaturity of an individual is considered to be imposed upon oneself and an immature person ought to be relieved of anxiety in seeking the ability to discern. On this ground, humans are summoned to initiate with a certain level of responsibility by acknowledging the significance of courage in order to be willing to acquire pertinent means to understand. Otherwise, Kant further stressed that, people who think themselves capable find it rather of an advantage to their ends to obtain guardianship for those who become weakened either by cowardice or indolence. This, if well-managed apart from any trace of corruption or bribery, can serve to put the immature ones on a learning situation where they can start to gain insights which would in turn drive them to exertion. Guardianship or assuming a role with a sense of significant accountability for a portion of incapable multitude occurs to be a serious deed of necessary guidance toward enlightenment, at least the initial step in launching a mature realization. On exercising such potentials, obstacles and frustration are inevitable but a guardian must not cease from anticipating good and poor results alike since the majority of common public who are slaves to idleness have, by frequency of being, been accustomed to remain as they are. Bringing them to the level of maturity entails breaking away from a lifelong habit, hence, enlightenment would be gradual in teaching and learning process that extends to the willful duty to look after the manner by which a thinking is reformed from inaction to the stage filled with sensibility and dynamic rationalization. Enlightenment comes with the wisdom to ascertain which set of reasons is mature enough to be helped at improving one’s well-being upon which the government can act by exposing a dumb nation to several areas of knowledge and non-academic programs that naturally foster a mentally stimulating atmosphere. Once the unknowing citizens begin to recognize both their worth and unique abilities along the way, this marks the first stage of enlightenment that, little by little, proceeds in yielding the desired maturity to deal satisfactorily with personal growth and development. Considering the basic principle behind the motto of enlightenment, in taking courage to avail of one's unique rationalization, a will to freedom breaks off the leash of underdevelopment that makes man complacent with ordinary living without seeing the essence of risks to meet ends that are far more rewarding and sensible in human existence. Where one acknowledges this step as a way to be emancipated out of the old self accompanied with foolish habits, there comes the necessary initia tive or assertion followed by a transforming act to acquire a firm stand over matters. Having courage to use one's own reason gradually progresses in abolishing slavery to the contentment of avoiding fear toward responsibility for one's unique position because then the person sees possibilities of

Organizational ledership at the Huffington Post Essay

Organizational ledership at the Huffington Post - Essay Example The researcher states that Arianna Huffington currently serves as President and Editor-in-Chief of The Huffington Post Media Group, which following the acquisition of her website in 2011 by AOL, includes responsibility for a number of associated online properties owned by the multi-media conglomerate. Huffington’s leadership and organization ability was clearly recognized by AOL at the time of the acquisition, and she appears to have taken on even more responsibility at the new company than she had when The Huffington Post was independent. Arianna Huffington recently became embroiled in a media turmoil related to corporate management at AOL when she effectively fired Michael Arrington, the editor and founder of the popular ‘TechCrunch’ blog which had also been acquired by AOL. Despite the widespread acknowledgement of Arrington’s conflict of interest in publishing stories on venture capital themes and start-up companies in which he was also to lead investme nt in, many analysts were surprised more by the apparent power that Huffington had acquired within AOL itself in corporate management. Arianna Huffington’s rise to power, wealth, and fame spans 60 years from her birth in Greece, education at Cambridge, and activism in conservative Republican causes for her husband in the 1980’s, to running for governor of California in the 1990’s and founding The Huffington Post in 2005. She is widely regarded to have changed the way news in published, read, and discussed with her blog and social network driven website. A review of Arianna Huffington’s life and organizational leadership style depict a portrait of an extremely powerful, well connected, and successful woman who has achieved a position of strength in America’s cultural, political, and corporate environments that few other figures in history have achieved. 2) The Current Situation of the Huffington Post The AOL Company of today, led by CEO Tim Armstron g, is a vastly different organization than the original â€Å"America Online† company that merged with Time-Warner in 2000 under the direction of CEO Steve Case. The AOL merger has become a case study in business management and is seen as one of the worst corporate management mistakes of all time. AOL emerged as the gateway to the internet for millions of first time users in the late 1990’s through its telephone-based ISP services. It has since come to be seen as one of the leading examples of the â€Å"dotcom† era, the huge speculative frenzy that coincided with the initial internet boom in the stock market. (Case, 2011) At the time of the merger in 2000, AOL had a market value of around $163 billion dollars, and was considered on equal standing with the media giant Time-Warner in value based on market capitalization. (Johnson, 2000) Nine years later, Time-Warner â€Å"spun-off† AOL from its business organization, as a new company with a second IPO, and its market capitalization was just over $3 billion dollars. (Bavdek, 2009) AOL’s dial-up based ISP business had been made nearly redundant by advances in broadband, wireless, and mobile technologies. What remains unclear is why the Time-Warner-AOL merger failed so badly, in that management was unable to bring any value from the venture or integration between all of the media channels, internet sites, and cable networks brought together under the single company organization. Instead, a staggering $160 billion dollars of market capitalization was lost or squandered by the deal through corporate managem

Stock Market Prices - Web Based App Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Stock Market Prices - Web Based App - Coursework Example There are many advances in stock technologies, although the real time stock out has gotten the most press coverage recently. There are diverse technologies with various capabilities, price points, and footprints. After some time, this evolving change in the stock exchange will spread to other sectors as well. Anything of material significance will be stream –tagged to report its state in real time...... Sophisticated financial operations and keen investors require state of the art trading systems with potential of handling operations in terms of complexity and volume. Challenge the market The challenges faced by markets place are the ability to handle increased volume of trading and latest financial instrument. This calls for the implementation of new rules and regulations that demand for setting up latest cutting edge systems or modifying or even upgrading the existing systems without interfering the on-going operations Challenges 1. Quick and quality execution 2. High Performance 3. Scalability to handle high volumes without degrading in performance 4. Platform neutral 5. Security Overview The documentation is to be developed to cater to the operational needs of the investors all over the world. Therefore, the architecture covers all aspects of Real time market information. Real Time and Delayed Stock Quotes The stock quotes are available on real time basis for which the bourse ch arges a monthly fee while the delayed mode which occurs on the basis of 15-20 minutes delay or lag and available for free. Relevant parameters from the stock market 1. Spot price is acquired from stock exchange’s current basic stock trade price. 2. Exercise price, Time to Maturity are acquired from option exchange quotes. 3. Risk free rate depends on different economies, for example, the US market and the US Treasury 4. Suggested bill rate is 5. Volatility is acquired from user entries; the goal is to give an individual user freedom to decide on their own volatility method. It helps in carrying a test for volatility’s accuracy against the basic market price. Finance data service provider The data is obtained

Cross-cultural communication Essay Example for Free

Cross-cultural communication Essay Cross-cultural communication is an art which cannot be practiced without verbal and non-verbal communication. Interacting with people of the same culture requires certain skills so interacting across different cultures is a task ahead. Every culture doesn’t only have its own language but also has a unique set of codes and customs; this makes verbal and non-verbal communication both important. With over 3000 languages and many dialects spoken in the world today, it is impossible for everybody to learn all of them. This humungous variety that is available creates problems for the cross-cultural communication. Apart from this the way words are uttered; the accents used add to the problem. In this case, the standard language makes cross-cultural communication easier. For instance one form of Arabic language is most common so it is widely used; Modern Standard Arabic. The same way an official language is given preference when interacting with people of different cultures. A country having many provinces synchronizes on a national language. Every province may have a different language but there is one language which is common to all. The same way the standard language for communicating across countries and continents is English. It is the most widely spoken language in the world and helps to overcome many ethnic differences. The reason that English is proved helpful in breaking barriers is that it is derived from other languages so many cultures can easily relate to it. Language is especially important when the interaction is not on face to face basis. In this type of interaction one cannot get the aid of body language and communication is solely dependent on words. Etiquettes over here emphasize the importance of verbal communication. People should take care of their words; they shouldn’t offend others while speaking. A word which means something good in one language might mean something totally appalling in the other. Care must be taken while selecting words for cross-cultural communication. Slang language especially should be avoided. While the importance of verbal communication is obvious and can be easily seen, the importance of non-verbal communication comes through experience and knowledge. The value of non-verbal communication is in fact greater than that of verbal communication across cultures. When the verbal communication is weak, non-verbal communication is relied upon. Gestures, eye contact, physical appearance, touch, expressions, silence and behavior speak a lot when we fall short of words. Majority of French people don’t understand English language and only communicate in their own language. When tourists visit their homeland it gets difficult for them to communicate. This is where non-verbal communication becomes very important. Actions help in communicating and letting people of different cultures interact without language. Some gestures are world widely same, others may show one thing in one culture and another in another culture. (Reisinger, 2009). Personal space or physical proximity is also an important non-verbal communication element. In some cultures, people dislike standing too close and maintain some distance between them while in others people stand pretty close while talking and consider it rude to stand apart. To make cross-cultural communication easier people are learning more languages but it is also very important to research other cultures and understand their non-verbal communication. Even if language skills are not appropriate, messages can be conveyed if body language is used correctly. It is said that non-verbal communication makes the first impression because even before a person opens the mouth to utter a word, an impression is made. (LeBaron, 2003). Non-verbal interaction is important during face-to-face communication. It can occur through the sensory channels- sight, sound, smell, touch or taste. Listeners process the non-verbal communication apart from the verbal one. Charles Darwin was the first man to conduct a study of non-verbal communication. His book â€Å"The Expressions of the Emotions of Man and Animals was published in 1872. In this writing he argued that animals show emotions on their faces so they communicate a lot without speaking (Davis, 1999). It is said that verbal communication is more important in public speaking and non-verbal communication is very important in interpersonal relationships. Also it is considered more polite is ideas are conveyed by non-verbal cues rather than verbal, especially in embarrassing situations. There are five primary functions of nonverbal bodily behavior in human communication: †¢ Express emotions †¢ Express interpersonal attitudes †¢ To accompany speech in managing the cues of interaction between speakers and listeners †¢ Self-presentation of one’s personality †¢ Rituals (greetings) Another important thing is that during non-verbal communication it is easier to catch someone who is not speaking the truth. Facial expressions and hand movements tell a lot. This also helps the interviewers when people go abroad in search of jobs. An interesting point of view of non-verbal communication is that it is rich in beauty. Cultural dance competitions are held and different cultures perform their own dances. Without speaking a whole story is formed and the message is conveyed. This is the beauty of non-verbal communication (Storti, 1994). It is important to address issues of both verbal and non-verbal communication. It is because in this competitive age those who have an edge over others and are good at everything are successful. References: Storti, C. , 1994, â€Å"Cross-Cultural Dialogues†, Available at http://www. kwintessential. co. uk/cross-cultural/book/crosscultural-dialogues. html [ Accessed May 12, 2010] Davis, L. ,1999, â€Å"Doing Culture: Cross-Cultural Communication in Action†, Available at http://www. kwintessential. co. uk/cross-cultural/book/communication-action. html[ Accessed May 12, 2010] LeBaron, M. ,2003, â€Å"Cross-Cultural Communication, Available at http://www. beyondintractability. org/essay/cross-cultural_communication/ [ Accessed May 12, 2010]

Mass media Essay Example for Free

Mass media Essay Since television has been one of the most influential tools of mass media, there is an increase in concern over children’s changing image of ideal body of women as experienced through mass media. The kind of women and the body that they should take is increasingly becoming unrealistic. Since children today spend a large chunk of their time watching television, the mass media images may alter the perception of children in terms of the realities of female body. This is especially important in the light of the fact that 86 percent of advertisements occurring between television shows use women as image model. The exposure of children to models as advertisers really affects their perception in terms of attractiveness, desirability, personal worth and success. This could make children link thinness as directly related to these positive characteristics (Burggraf and Fouts, 1999, p. 27). Another important issue in terms of the way the female body is emerging in mass media is the increased commodification of women. The plethora of economic developments and the rise of consumerism have made women devalued once more through making women as effective tools for advertising (Atwood, 1992, p. 23). Studies on the role of women in advertising have shown that many commodities in the period of increased commercialization have directly linked women to many commodities. The rise in commercial culture produced newer codes of consumer practices and has pushed the integration of sex into advertisement. â€Å"This means that even as the tea-drinking woman became an exemplar of restrained, properly domesticized femininity, the sugared tea she drank from fragile, luxurious, china cups retained a disturbing connection to a more transgressive version of her sexed body† (Sussman, 1998, p. 6). One of the major points expressed in various literatures involve feminist discourse that the female body is increasingly becoming exploited. Many of the products today are being advertised not in relation to their function but as a seductive come-on to entice consumers to buy the product because of the element of sex. The female body, thus, in the process becomes mere commodity. The main attraction for many advertisers is not to connect the value with the function of the product. The emphasis is increasingly connected with the female body and the air of sex that it emits. The female quest for thinness rest upon both Western ideals of individual control of the body and the economic abundance that provides most people with enough to eat. Cultures in fear of starvation have historically favored larger body mass. However one looks at it though, the women’s body continues to be a fascination of man which is utilized by media to promote its own ends. Over the long haul, that translates to a deterioration of values and women’s true role in society and thus deserves deeper thought and rightful action. As a solution to this, there is a need to consider that the female body not as primarily directed towards male. Despite the changes in the society today, which increased the accessibility of work that was previously occupied by men, females have increased their dependency on men (Trahair, 1989, p. 23). The production of material wealth is necessarily a masculine interest and the women in corporate world is a clear sign that women performing corporate jobs are just basically slave of the interests of men to produce more wealth and good for the society. This inclusion of women comes with a high price. The price is coming from the fact that while they are encouraged to pursue success in their careers and in their jobs, they are still unable to achieve the kind of success that men enjoy in society (Trahair, 1989, p. 23). In this regard, women feel that once again the kind of work that they are doing is undervalued. In the process, they become even more dependent on men in terms of boosting their self-esteem. This only creates a cycle of psychological struggle and suffering. Secondly, there is also a need to emphasize the fact that men still control the economic activity in both the private and public sphere. Indeed, the image of the female body in mass media has been increasingly distorted. On the one hand, the mass media’s ideal of the female body is increasingly becoming unattainable and distorted. This could create problems about women’s self-esteem, and the change in the real meaning of success and attractiveness. On the other hand, the mass media is creating a consumer culture and uses the female body to achieve the goals of sales. Either way it is quite unfortunate that in both ways, it is the female body, which would suffer. There is a need to shift the perspective away from the changing ideal of the female body. This will definitely be a difficult task for the society as the plethora of magazines and other forms of mass media is becoming more and more complex. It is important that the feminist groups start to get up from their long hibernation. A complex awareness program that would educate women about the value of the body and self-esteem will definitely be a good starting point. WORKS CITED 2006. Eating disorders. Retrieved March 26, 2007 at: https://www.anred.com/elder.html

Effects of Confirmation Bias on Consumer Attitudes Toward GM

Effects of Confirmation Bias on Consumer Attitudes Toward GM Literature Review: Evaluating the Effects of Confirmation Bias on Consumers Attitudes Toward Genetically Modified Foods Genetically modified foods (GMFs) have been a part of American life for more than twenty years, with the USDA approving the first commercial crop in 1994 (Bruening Lyons, 2000). Since then, genetically modified (GM) crops have boomed, with an estimated 70% of processed foods on grocery store shelves containing GM ingredients (Chrispeels, 2014). The United States Department of Agriculture has recognized many benefits of GM crops, including greater yields, increased nutritional value, and better seed quality (Fernandez-Cornejo et al, 2014). Given the current global food climate, with hunger and starvation still being prevalent in many countries, this is an important benefit. Since the introduction of GM crops into the food chain, a lot of questions have been asked regarding their safety and much research has been done in this regard. A 2014 meta-analysis of the previous ten years of data indicates that GMOs do not pose any direct threat to human health (Nicolia et al, 2014). Indeed, most scientists (Funk et al., 2015) and the World Health Organization (2015) believe that GM foods are safe to eat. Despite this data, only just over a third of Americans believe GMOs are safe for human consumption (Funk et al, 2015) and many will spend more for foods that they know are non-GMO (Fernandez-Cornejo et al., 2014). This indicates that GM foods continue to be a contentious issue, and it is one that is often played out on social media (Stevens et al., 2016). Food safety is an inherently emotional issue (Anderson 2000), and contentious issues, particularly emotional ones, are often hyped up in the media (Stieglitz Dang-Xuan, 2013). When consumers go to the media seeking information on the emotionally charged issue of GM food, they will find that much of information that is easily accessible to them is negative and centered more on popular opinion that scientific facts (Mahgoub, 2016; McCluskey, Swinnen, Vandermoortele, 2015). The medias negative portrayal of GM food has been linked to consumers negative perception of the products (Marques, Critchley, Walshe, 2014; Vilella-Villa Costa-Font, 2008). Both public opinion and scientific data play a part in how governments and regulatory bodies develop their policies, highlighting the importance of understanding the evidence and what shapes consumer attitudes toward GMOs (Druckman Bolsen, 2011; Page Shapiro, 1983). Public opinion is formed from the attitudes of individuals (Katz, 1960). Hostility to GMOs can lead to limiting development of research about them (e.g. Ceccoli Hixon, 2012) and restrict or ban the use of the technology (e.g. Siegrist, 2000). The success of GMO foods on the market depends on public opinion (Moschini et al, 2005). Facebook is the most popular social media platform in the United States. Nearly 80% of online Americans use Facebook, and of those, 76% use it every day, and 55% visit it several times a day (Funk Rainie, 2015). Many American adults (62%) get their news from Facebook and nearly a fifth (18%) do it often (Gottfried Shearer, 2016). Facebook offers near-instantaneous access to news and information in users newsfeeds, offering a greater ease of selectivity over more traditional media sources (Westerwick et al, 2013). However, the selectivity is biased towards users preexisting beliefs and attitudes, and serves to limit the amount of information available to them through the use of their algorithm that provides messaging consistent with previous likes of the user, as well as web searches, thus increasing the effect of selective exposure (Bakshy et al., 2015; Pariser, 2011), and an effect to which most people may be unaware of (Powers, 2017). This leads to tailoring a news feed that is i ncreasingly fragmented and polarized to the existing attitudes of the individual user (Westerwick et al, 2013). Facebook also elicits quick responses from users by way of how information is presented and does not require the user to put much cognitive effort into assessing its veracity. Users will often accept the first message they encounter without doing any further investigation (Flanagin Metzger, 2007; Chen et al, 2015), engaging in what Petty and Cacioppo (1986) termed peripheral processing. This is common in user assessment on online media (Fogg et al, 2003) and when making food-related decisions (Frewer et al., 1997). In this type of processing, people rely on simple cues (Andrews et al., 2011; Walters et al, 2012) and cognitive heuristics, such as confirmation bias, to evaluate information and form an attitude about it. This is particularly true when people want to decide about an issue that they do not know much about and are uncertain about the risks, benefits, and consequences (Tversky and Kanehan, 1975). With peripheral processing, no higher-order thinking, or central processing, goes into their formation of opinion. While engaged in peripheral processing, people will discredit the attitude incongruent information off-hand or will alter their perception of it so that it fits into their pre-existing schemas (Petty Cacioppo, 1986; Festinger, 1957). People generally prefer messages that fit with their pre-existing beliefs, and regardless of how much importance they attach to an issue, they are not likely to spend much time looking for credible information (Westerwick et al, 2013). The problem with engaging in peripheral processing when encountering messages on a platform like Facebook is that the credibility of the information they are accessing is often not verified (e.g., Moody, 2011) and people rarely verify the credibility of this information (Metzger, 2007). The information may be based on inferior data, is often driven by personal opinion (Ennals et. al, 2010), has no real standards for quality control or regulatory controls, and can be easily altered (Metzger et al, 2013). As mentioned earlier, confirmation bias is a cognitive heuristic that may be utilized when people are engaged in peripheral processing. The confirmation bias is a tendency for people to pay more attention to and attribute greater importance to information that is congruent with what they believe while overlooking or discrediting information that does not fit their preexisting beliefs (Klayman and Ha, 1987). Confirmation bias with regards to media exposure is well documented, with the first instance noted over seventy years ago (Lazarsfeld et al., 1944), however, the effect of confirmation bias on user attitudes is not consistent across different types of messaging. Political messaging and confirmation bias are well documented, but this is not the case for health messaging. Westerwick et al. (2013) found that people are generally more likely to look for credible information sources when it comes to their health. Alternatively, confirmation bias may be more pronounced if media coverage about an issue is negative, as could also be the case with GM foods (Lusk et al, 2014; Slovic, 1987). Given the impact of food safety on ones health, the question arises as to the role that confirmation bias has in consumers attitude formation toward GMOs, and this has not yet been adequately addressed by existing research. Research in this area would contribute to the knowledge of how to best design messaging to positively persuade public opinion regarding GMOs. Purpose and Objectives The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of attitudinally congruent and attitudinally non-congruent messaging concerning GMOs on how consumers self-evaluate GM foods under the Elaboration Likelihood framework. To accomplish this purpose the following objectives were constructed: Collect data on the pre-existing knowledge and beliefs of the audience about GMOs. Compare the perceptions of attitudinally congruent and attitudinally non-congruent GMO messaging. Compare the beliefs and attitudes of consumers pre and post-message exposure. References Andrews, J. C., Burton, S., Kees, J. (2011). Is simpler always better? Consumer evaluations of front-of-package nutrition symbols. Journal of Public Policy Marketing, 30(2), 175- 190. Anderson, W. A. (2000). The future relationship between the media, the food industry and the consumer. British Medical Bulletin, 56(1), 254-268. Baker, G. A., Burnham, T. A. (2001). Consumer response to genetically modified foods: Market segment analysis and implications for producers and policy makers. Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 26(2), 387. Retrieved from http://proxy.mul.missouri.edu/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/214697691?accountid=14576 Bakshy, E., Messing, S., Adamic, L. (2015). Exposure to ideologically diverse news and opinion on Facebook. Science, 348(6239), 1130-1132. doi:10.1126/science.aaa1160 Bruening, G., Lyons, J. (2000). The case of the FLAVR SAVR tomato. California Agriculture, 54(4), 6-7. Ceccoli, S., Hixon, W. (2012). Explaining attitudes toward genetically modified foods in the European Union. International Political Science Review, 33(3), 301-319. Chen, K. J., Kim, J., Lin, J. S. (2015). The effects of affective and cognitive elaborations from Facebook posts on consumer attitude formation. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 14(3), 208-218. Chrispeels, M. J. (2014). Yes indeed, most Americans do eat GMOs every day! Journal of  Integrative Plant Biology, 56(1), 4-6. doi: 10.1111/jipb.12147 Druckman, J. N., Bolsen, T. (2011). Framing, motivated reasoning, and opinions about emergent eechnologies. Journal of Communication, 61(4), 659-688. doi:10.1111/j.1460- 2466.2011.01562.x Ennals, R., Byler, D., Agosta, J. M., Rosario, B. (2010, April). What is disputed on the web? In Proceedings of the 4th workshop on Information credibility (pp. 67-74). ACM. Fernandez-Cornejo, J., Wechsler, S., Livingston, M., Mitchell, L. (2014). Genetically engineered crops in the United States Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. Fischer, P., Jonas, E., Frey, D., Schulz-Hardt, S., 2005. Selective exposure to information: the impact of information limits. European Journal of Social Psychology, 35, 469-492. Fogg, B. J., Soohoo, C., Danielson, D. R., Marable, L., Stanford, J., Tauber, E. R. (2003). How do users evaluate the credibility of Web sites? A study with over 2,500 participants. In Proceedings of the 2003 conference on Designing for user experiences (pp. 1-15). ACM. Frewer, L. J., Howard, C., Hedderley, D., Shepherd, R. (1997). The elaboration likelihood  model and communication about food risks. Risk Analysis, 17(6), 759-769.  doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1997.tb01281.x Funk, C., Rainie, L., Page, D. (2015). Public and scientists views on science and society. Pew Research Center 2015. Retrieved from: http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/01/29/public- and-scientists-views-on-science-and-society/ Goodwin, J. N. (2013). Taking down the walls of agriculture: Effect of transparent  communication and personal relevance on attitudes and trust within the Elaboration  Likelihood Model (Doctoral Dissertation). Retrieved from:  http://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/UF/E0/04/53/18/00001/GOODWIN_J.pdf Gottfried, J., Shearer, E. (2016). News use across social media platforms 2016. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from: http://www.journalism.org/2016/05/26/news-use-across-social- media-platforms-2016/ Jang., S. (2014). Seeking congruency or incongruency online? Examining selective exposure to four controversial science issues. Science Communication, 36(2), 143-167. Health Focus International. (2015). Global shopper views on GMOs. Retrieved from http://www.healthfocus.com/hf/global-shopper-views-on-gmos/ Katz, D. (1960). The functional approach to the study of attitudes. Public opinion quarterly, 24(2), 163-204. Klayman, J., Ha, Y. W. (1987). Confirmation, disconfirmation, and information in hypothesis testing. Psychological review, 94(2), 211. Lazarsfeld, P. F., Gaudet, H., Berelson, B. (1944). The peoples choice: how the voter makes up his mind in a presidential campaign. New York: Duell, Sloan, and Pearce. Lusk, J. L., Roosen, J., Bieberstein, A. (2014). Consumer acceptance of new food technologies: Causes and roots of controversies. Annual Review of Resource Economics 6, 381-405. Mahgoub, S. E. (2016). Genetically Modified Foods: Basics, Applications, and Controversy. CRC Press. Marques, M. D., Critchley, C. R., Walshe, J. (2014). Attitudes to genetically modified food  over time: How trust in organizations and the media cycle predict support. Public  Understanding of Science, 24(5), 601-618. doi:10.1177/0963662514542372 McCluskey, J. J., Swinnen, J., Vandemoortele, T. (2015). You get what you want: A note on the economics of bad news. Information Economics and Policy, 30, 1-5. Metzger, M. J. (2007). Making sense of credibility on the Web: Models for evaluating online information and recommendations for future research. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 58(13), 2078-2091. Metzger, M. J., Flanagin, A. J. (2013). Credibility and trust of information in online environments: The use of cognitive heuristics. Journal of Pragmatics, 59, 210-220. Meyers, C. A. (2008). The agricultural angle: Effect of framing agricultural biotechnology  messages on attitudes and intent to publish within the Elaboration Likelihood Model  (Doctoral Dissertation). Retrieved from http://gradworks.umi.com/33/34/3334488.html Moody, K. E. (2011). Credibility or convenience? Political information choices in a  media-saturated environment. Media International Australia, 140, 35-64. Moschini, G., Bulut, H., Cembalo, L. (2005). On the segregation of genetically modified, conventional and organic products in European agriculture: a multià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ market equilibrium analysis. Journal of Agricultural Economics, 56(3), 347-372. Nicolia, A., Manzo, A., Veronesi, F., Rosellini, D. (n.d). An overview of the last 10 years of genetically engineered crop safety research. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 34(1), 77-88. doi: 10.3109/07388551.2013.823595 Page, B. I., Shapiro, R. Y. (1983). Effects of Public Opinion on Policy. The American Political Science Review, (1). 175. Pariser, E. (2011). The filter bubble: How the new personalized web is changing what we read and how we think. Penguin. Powers, E. (2017). My News Feed is Filtered?: Awareness of news personalization among college students. Digital Journalism, 1-21. doi:10.1080/21670811.2017.1286943 Petty, R. E., Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion. In Communication and persuasion (pp. 1-24). Springer New York. Siegrist, M. (2000). The influence of trust and perceptions of risks and benefits on the acceptance of gene technology. Risk analysis, 20(2), 195-204. Slovic, P. (1987) Perception of risk. Science, 236, 280-285 Greenwood, S., Perrin, A., Duggan, M. (2016). Social media update 2016. Pew Research Centre. Retrieved from: http://www.pewinternet.org/2016/11/11/social-media-update- 2016/ Stieglitz, S., Dang-Xuan, L. (2013). Emotions and information diffusion in social media- sentiment of microblogs and sharing behavior. Journal of Management Information Systems, 29(4), 217-248. Stevens, T. M., Aarts, N., Termeer, C. J. A. M., Dewulf, A. (2016). Social media as a new playing field for the governance of agro-food sustainability. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 18, 99-106. Tversky, A., Kahneman, D. (1975). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. In Utility, probability, and human decision making (pp. 141-162). Springer Netherlands. Vilella-Vila, M., Costa-Font, J. (2008). Press media reporting effects on risk perceptions and  attitudes towards genetically modified (GM) food. The Journal of Socio-Economics,  37(5), 2095-2106. doi:10.1016/j.socec.2008.04.006 Walters, A., Long, M. (2012). The effect of food label cues on perceptions of quality and purchase intentions among high-involvement consumers with varying levels of nutrition knowledge. Journal of nutrition education and behavior, 44(4), 350-354. Westerwick, A., Kleinman, S. B., Knobloch-Westerwick, S. (2013). Turn a Blind Eye If You Care: Impacts of Attitude Consistency, Importance, and Credibility on Seeking of Political Information and Implications for Attitudes. Journal of Communication, 63(3), 432-453. doi:10.1111/jcom.12028 World Health Organization. (2015). Frequently asked questions on genetically modified foods.  Retrieved from http://www.who.int/foodsafety/areas_work/food-technology/faq-genetically-modified-food/en/

Shirley Jacksons The Lottery Essay -- American Literature, Biography

Shirley Jackson is said to be one of the most â€Å"brilliant and influential authors of the twentieth century.† â€Å"Her fiction writing is some of the most important to come out of the American literary canon.† (http://shirleyjackson.org/Reviews.html) Jackson wrote many short stories and even some books. They are more on the dark, witchlike side, however. Kelleher explains that Jackson stated in some interviews that she practiced magic. No one really knows if she was serious while practicing witchcraft or not, but it ended up helping her write her stories http://www.literarytraveler.com/literary_articles/shirley_jackson_bennington.aspx). A major story that throws people for a loop is â€Å"The Lottery†. This was Jackson’s first short story and many people did not know how to take the story. Your everyday person may be offended by it,but an everyday writer may think it is a work of art. Even though Jackson seemed like a normal person, she enjoyed writing about the dark side of things; hence, â€Å"The Lottery† was written. Shirley Jackson was born December 14, 1919, in San Francisco. She spent all of her childhood in Burlingame, California, and started her writing, as well. Then when she turned seventeen, her and her family moved east, where she enrolled in the University of Rochester. After only a year in the university, she left and decided to pursue writing. Another year passed and she attended Syracuse University. There she published her first story, â€Å"Janice† and also won a poetry contest. After winning the contest, she met Stanley Edgar Hyman. They got acquainted and founded a magazine together called: The Spectre. Later in life they ended up getting married. Together they had four children and moved around so Hyman could have a job with... ..." Study Guides & Essay Editing | GradeSaver. Web. 28 Feb. 2011. . Chopin, Kate. â€Å"The Story of an Hour.† An Introduction to Literature. Eds. Sylvan Barnet, William Burto, and William E. Cain. 15th ed. New York: Longman, 2008. 193-199 Kelleher, Katy. "Shirley Jackson in Bennington Vermont, Shirley Jackson Ebooks, Shirley Jackson First Editions, Shirley Jackson Tours LiteraryTraveler.com." Literary Traveler, Literary Tours, Travel Writing, Travel Literature, Ereaders, EBooks, Travel, HemingwayLiteraryTraveler.com. Web. 28 Feb. 2011. . "Literary Analysis: The Lottery, by Shirley Jackson - by Amelia Tibbett - Page 2 - Helium." Helium - Where Knowledge Rules. Web. 28 Feb. 2011. . "Shirley Jackson - Biography of Shirley Jackson - English 101." Simple Writers Student Papers and Essays. 2006. Web. 28 Feb. 2011. . Shirley Jackson's Bio. 2009. Web. 28 Feb. 2011. .

Sir Francis Bacon :: essays research papers fc

Sir Francis Bacon   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sir Francis Bacon was born January 22, 1561. He died April 9, 1626. He was an English essayist, lawyer, statesman, and philosopher . He had a major influence on the philosophy of science. When he was 12 years old, he began studies at Trinity College, Cambridge. In 1576 he entered Gray's Inn to pursue a career in law. He was first elected in 1584. Bacon's opposition to royal tax measures would probably have brought an end to his political advancement, but he had the support of the Earl of Essex, whose prosecution for treason he later managed. He was knighted in 1603 after the succession of James I. Bacon and he became solicitor-general in 1609, attorney-general in 1613, lord keeper of the great seal in 1617, and lord chancellor in 1618; he was also created Baron of Verulam I 1618, and Viscount St. Albans in 1621. Bacon retained James's favor by steadfast defense of royal prerogative, but in 1621 he was found guilty of accepting bribes and was removed from his office. Retiring to Gorhambury, he devoted himself to writing and scientific work.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Philosophically, Bacon wrote marks such as the Instauratio Magna (Great Restoration), setting forth his concepts for the restoration of humankind to mastery over nature. It was intended to contain six parts: first a classification of sciences; second a new inductive logic; third a gathering of empirical and experimental facts; fourth examples to show the effectiveness of his new approach; fifth generalization derivable from natural history; and a new philosophy that would be a complete science of nature.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bacon completed only two parts, however, the Advancement of Learning in 1605, later expanded as De Dignitate et Augmentis Scientiarum (On the Dignity and Growth of Sciences, 1620); and the Novum Organum (The New Organon, 1620), which was to replace Aristotle's Organon. Sciences were under the general headings of history, poetry, and philosophy. Their culmination was an inductive philosophy of nature, in which proposed to find the natural laws, of bodily action. To this end, he devised so-called tables of induction designed to discover such forms with the goal of mastery over nature.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although Bacon was not a great scientist, he gave impetus to the development of modern inductive science.

A Clean, Well-Lighted Place Essay -- Literary Analysis, Ernest Hemingw

Human Life: Torture of the Mind Ernest Hemingway captures the essence and origins of nihilistic thought in â€Å"A Clean, Well-Lighted Place†, written in a time of religious and moral confusion shortly after The Great War. The ideas expressed in this short story represent the post World War 1 thinking of Hemingway, and the notoriously nihilistic Lost Generation in Paris, which was greatly influenced by the many traumas of war. Learning from his unnerving experiences in battle, Hemingway enforces the idea that all humans will inevitably fade into eternal nothingness and everything valued by humans is worthless. He develops this idea by creating a brilliant mockery of two coveted religious documents, revealing authority figures as typical, despicable, human beings, and he reduces life into the most raw, simplistic, and frightening reality imaginable. Hemingway states that all humans will naturally die alone and literally be â€Å"in despair† about â€Å"nothing† (494), and that people will eithe r seek a â€Å"calm and pleasant cafà ©Ã¢â‚¬  (496), or a self-inflicted death simply to escape despair. Undoubtedly, Hemingway eliminates any consideration of a higher meaning because he believes that â€Å"[life is] all a nothing, and a man [is] nothing too† (496). By viewing the actions of three different generations, Hemingway’s â€Å"A Clean, Well-Lighted Place† elaborates on the idea that human life is not continual enlightenment and growth, but gradual despair, and an inevitable death into â€Å"nada† (497). The youthful and confident waiter, representing the youngest of the three male generations, is the only apparent spec of existentialist thought in the story. However, this young man is simply an unconcerned existentialist due to his age; he is not in despair bec... ...ed Place†, represent the opinions and views of one typical person, in one ordinary life. The theme of a world of nothingness is overwhelming to the human brain, and almost inconceivable, and everything we do in this life is simply designed to help us take our mind off of death; suicide is the ultimate escape from â€Å"despair† over â€Å"nothing† (494). Hemingway’s brilliant transitions in time explain how life eventually grows worse with age, and humans will succumb to suicide, drunkenness, or something comforting and safe, much like a clean, well-lighted cafà ©. Further, Hemingway has shown the world that man has created many bogus ways to cope with the insurmountable fear of nothingness, namely religion. Bluntly, people can try to kid their selves into feeling soulful, genuine, or meaningful, but there is no need to â€Å"fear for [the human] soul†, as it is non-existent.

ACE Hardware Point of Purchase Observation

Determine the shoppers' decision process. B. Methodology The strength of observation methods lies In â€Å"what It Is†. The subject is not required to recall actions, to answer a questionnaire or to complete a personal Interview. Likewise, the observer Is not In a position to Interpret an answer by an Interviewee. Action is recorded not interpretation. Covert observational research is used. Researchers do not identify themselves. Researchers are either mixing in the subjects undetected, or observing from the distance.This method is used so that the subjects' behavior will not be contaminated by the presence of the researcher. Customers will be observed regardless of whether or not they Interested in certain departments or whether they seemed to be only passing through. All persons, once â€Å"picked up†, will be documented and considered In the analysis even If no purchases are made. The observation location will be focused on the ground floor of ACE Hardware BCC.Resear chers will spread accordingly to the customers movements. The conversion rate of the store will be determined by observing the number of customers coming in only from the main door and customers purchasing at the cashiers of the ground level. Any other activities that take place on the other floor(s) ill not be observed. To avoid biases regarding the elements of the store, researchers will also implement some simple personal interview to the ACE Hardware staffs.By doing so, researchers may interpret the observational data collected more accurately. C. Point of Purchase Observation Things to be observed: Store Measurement Conversion or Closure Rate The amount of time a shopper spends In a store Interception Rate (percentage of customers who have contact with a store employee) Shopping Behavior Departments visited Things seen and touched Things put In the cart Time spent Purchase decision Store Management .Display Location of each departments Products put on the rack at the height the eye level Price tags (is there any differences between products displayed on display table and those on the rack) Differences of products on the height of eye level, above eye level, and under eye level (price, type, colors, shape, etc. ) Products arrangement Lighting b. Store Assistances Employees approach to consumers How to deal with queries and complaints c. In Store Promotion Current promotions Terms and conditions of the promotion Upcoming promotions d. Service Environment Must be available in the service Environment

African American and Their Rights Essay

Since knuckle d admitry, African Americans lose bygone through a curing to r for each one their current state. In the early 20th century, African Americans faced favoritism, isolation, and were unintegrated according to their skin pretension. It started when Europeans brought the first Africans to America, and act through verboten the civilized War. The American government do some changes in policies. A variety of leaders shaped the sure-fire struggle to ward dense fittingity in America (Bowles, 2011). Ever since knuckle downry begun, African Americans hold in been determined to end separatism, discrimination, and isolation. processivists such(pre zero(prenominal)inal)(prenominal) as, Martin Luther pansy Jr. and Malcolm X, and opposites, joined in concert to put an end to separationism, discrimination, and isolation to puddle courteousized rights and pairity. Sla real had changed dramatically in the latish 1600s. About this era the slave trade to American col onies too began increase to meet the demand for cheap force back. Traders interchange slaves to the northern colonies, but English and new(prenominal) European immigrants satisfied the demand for advertize on that point (Echerd, 2009). Slaves in America came from western and central Africa.African tribes sometimes enslaved those disappointed in intertribal wars and sold their captives to European slave traders. The tribes raided villages to obtain slaves to trade for European goods. Slave traders had even offered the Africans guns and give out goods for the slaves. Slaves lived a rough, enceinte life. Cheap labor was a huge part of their lives. They had to work from break of day to sun practise. The work consisted of clearing land, tended to fields of tobacco, rice, and vegetables. They also per puzzle outed m each separate tasks that had helped make plantations just rough completely self-sufficient.No slaves saw either money for their tasks that they had per bluepri nted, but they did receive food, clothing, and shelter. The slaves had resided in small one-room huts, which had no windows and the floors were all dirt. well-nigh slaves complyed their living condition, however, they knew no other way of life (Koehler, 2009). However, ashen greyers regained swan of state governments in the sulfur during the late 1870s, however, and reversed most of the previous gains made by origin slaves. For example separatism. What is segregation?According to Websters Dictionary, to segregate is specify as to separate or set apart from others isolate or to require, oftentimes with force, the separation of a specific racial, religious, or other classify from the body of society. separationism has been a part of our American heritage, close to from the moment slaves arrived on the shores of the New solid ground (Bowles, 2011). In 17th century Virginia, the theocratic government fe ared that racial mixing among freed and enslaved threatenings and wh ite indentured servants would become a means to usurp government power.They giveed laws in which the color line was clearly delimit in every criminal punishments. By treating whites and blacks separately and unequally, these Virginian leaders set up a system of white mastery that would become an essential component of American slavery. Separation and segregation was the order of the day, with African Americans being forced to ride in separate railroad cars, bring forth their own hotels and solicitho usages, and even get water out of their own drinking fountains. Their children could not practise the same schools with the uncontaminating children.To further vitality the color-line, they then added in segregation with the Jim crow Laws. This is mainly because the dusters were considered to be superior, and because were conception to deserve weaken schools with better facilities. African Americans on the other hand were considered deficient, and hence their children atte nded low-quality schools that lacked adequate facilities (Sitkoff & Franklin, 2008). The Northern States, which had grew and prospered during the war, believed the occasion slaves to be equal as any other person.The Southern States, lock crazy over the loss of the war and their unshakable belief in White superiority, took a different approach. They created and enforced what were cognise as the Black Codes. These were legislations passed in Southern states to assert labor, migration and other activities of the freed slaves. Black Codes allowed juristic marriage, space ownership and limited assenting to the court systems. It prohibited them from testifying against whites, serving on juries or militias, voting and globely expressing any form of legal concerns ( www. history. com).Any actor slave that did not sign yearly labor contract with the plantation owners could be arrested and chartered out. The Black codes in utterly allowed for the proceed and legal discrimination against the former slaves (www. history. com). copulation quickly responded to these laws in 1866 and seized the initiative in remaking the reciprocal ohm. Republicans requiremented to ensure that with the remaking the south, freed blacks were made viable members of society. provided the cockeyed Confederate legislatures finally gave in in 1868 they repealed most of the laws that discriminated against blacks. Things were starting to look up.But by 1877 Democratic parties regained their power of the south and ended reconstruction. In 1882, southern states passed Jim wallow laws that enforced strict segregation between blacks and whites and limited Afro-American complaisant rights. This was ravage to the blacks. After all the strides they made were reversed. From safekeeping political offices, the right to vote, and participating as equal members of society was changed. The south bit by bit reinstated the racially discriminatory laws. The two main goals they wanted these laws to achieve disenfranchisement and segregation.To take forward the power that the blacks had gained, the Democratic Party began to menstruum Blacks from voting. There were many ways to renounce blacks from voting. Some of these things were poll tax, which were fees were charged at voting booths and were expensive for most blacks, and the literacy test. Since didactics blacks were illegal, most adult blacks were former slaves and illiterate. And the other goal, segregation, causes the democrats to create laws that segregated the schools and public facilities. The Northern States, which had grew and prospered during the war, believed the former slaves to be equal as any other person.The Southern States, appease angry over the loss of the war and their firm belief in White superiority, took a different approach. They created and enforced what were known as the Black Codes. These were legislations passed in Southern states to control labor, migration and other activities of th e freed slaves. Black Codes allowed legal marriage, property ownership and limited access to the court systems. It prohibited them from testifying against whites, serving on juries or militias, voting and publicly expressing any form of legal concerns.Any former slave that did not sign yearly labor contract with the plantation owners could be arrested and hired out. The Black codes in short allowed for the continued and legal discrimination against the former slaves. Just analogous some African Americans activists fought this segregation, some Whites had some groups of their own to reserve the segregation on and on. The Ku Klux Klan was one of them. The Ku Klux Klan, Knights of White Camellia, and other terrorists murdered thousands of blacks and some whites to hold on them from voting and participating in public life.The KKK was founded in 1865 to 1866. They directed their violence towards black landowners, politicians, and community leaders. They also did this to people who su pport Republicans or racial equalities (Anti-Defamation League, 2012). After the abolition of slavery in the U. S. the KKK formed. They hated blacks and would charge up crimes against them. Murders, suspension systems, and lynches are just some of the crimes against the blacks (www. kkk. bz, n. d. ). The Ku Klux Klan claims to be just defending their people same other races do. What is a kill? kill is a form of punishment with no legal permission. Most times lynching occurred against African Americans by hanging them. This was very popular during the Gilded Age after the American Civil War when African Americans were freed from slavery. Many White men would use lynching against Black men for being in a mixed kindred with a White woman. However, because lynching had no legal basis, it was thought to take for been a tool that was used against freed slaves that had achieved financial stability and authority in order to breathe a White-dominated nation.Lynching was most apt(pred icate) performed by White Supremacy groups like the KKK. Lynching was get ine by hanging or shooting, or both. However, many were of a more hideous nature. Burning at the stake, maiming, dismemberment, castration, and other brutal methods of physical twinge are all part of a lynching. Lynching therefore was a cruel combination of racism and sadism, which was utilized originally to sustain the caste system in the South. Many white people believed that Negroes could notwithstanding be controlled by fear. To them, lynching was seen as the most effective means of control. argue your people is one thing, but to strain another human being is inhuman. The KKK has several(prenominal) stories out there today on how they treated the blacks, whether they did anything improper or not. For instance, a Louisiana woman is in lively condition after she was set on fire, resulting in burns on roughly 60 percent of her body, and her car appears to have had racial slurs written on it at the tim e of her attack (Mach, n. d. ). They had even gone as furthermost as perform service bombings. The KKK launched a bomb into a church during a Sunday service, which left quadruple innocent teenage girls dead.The men amenable hid behind the cloak of secrecy, intimidation and the white robes of the oldest terrorist organization in the world, the Ku Klux Klan (Gado, n. d. ). Therefore, until the Civil Rights take on of 1964, racial discrimination is an issue that was not seriously tackled. The act was a productive result of most wide-ranging civil rights legislation and Civil Rights Movements for close to a century (Finkelman, 2009). The act declared discrimination on the basis of color, race, ethnicity, religion, and many other aspects as unconstitutional.During the critical years from 1954 to 1963, a variety of leaders with different backgrounds, such as lawyers from the NAACP, women sitting on jalopyes, ministers from southern black churches, militants from black power organi zations, and callowness from colleges had shaped the successful struggle toward black equality in America (Bowles, 2011). In 1896, the Supreme Courts Plessy v. Ferguson termination established that separate but equal facilities for whites and blacks were allowable under the U. S. Constitution. Local political officials could designate separate public facilities like drinking fountains, restrooms, and schools.Even courthouses often had separate Bibles according to the defendants race. The occupation was that separate usually meant unequal, and segregation subverted the freedom of every African American (Sundquist, 1993). Now, it is time for the African- Americans to fight back. The incident that made them want to make a difference was the genus genus Rosa Park manager ride. After a long day of work on December 1, 1955, pose, feet hurt, looked forward to sitting on the bus for her ride home. At the time, there was a city ordinance stating that African Americans had to give up th eir seats on a train or bus if a white man asked for them.When a white man approached Parks and told her that he wanted her seat, she simply said no. Although she acted as a private citizen, her solution was as an informed, committed member of the NAACP movement. The bus number one wood had asked Parks to move. When she did not, the bus driver said, Look, woman, I told you I wanted the seat. ar you going to stand up? When Parks again said no, the driver threatened, If you foolt stand up, Im going to have you arrested. She gave no react but at the next stop, Rosa was arrested (Garrow, 2004). A pastor known as Martin Luther King Jr., form a boycott, the capital of Alabama bus boycott. King Jr. took this to a higher level and maintained and organized the Southern Christian Leadership league (SCLC), which coordinated similar bus boycotts in other cities. Shortly after the boycott, King had found a bomb on his porch. King went to Birmingham, Alabama, where he continued his unpro voking protests and marches. However, the police authorized force to thaw Kings followers by using electric cattle prods, split gas, and fire hoses (Bowles, 2011).King was arrested with the others, but upon his going away from jail he went to Washington, D. C., where he and demonstrators met at the National Mall and addressed them with his noted We Shall Overcome speech on exalted 23, 1963. Kings words at the capital that day were a delineate moment of the Civil Rights movement. Other demonstrations and civil disobedience campaigns sought to increase African-American voter registration and win better jobs. Malcolm X actively promoted the Black Islamic cause. Even after speaking about non-violence and wanting peace, Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated. The civil rights movement dramatically increased union of African- American voters in both the South and the North today.By the mid-70s some 4000 African-Americans have been elected to political office at all levels of gove rnment. Qualified African-Americans now have a wider range of opportunities than ever before. Whether you are White or African-American, each group has faced its own peculiar challenges on its approach to democracy (Rappaport, 2001). This racism is wrong and unconstitutional. The 13th Amendment is ratified, abolishing slavery, which some people still went against it. The 14th Amendment granted citizenship to the former slaves and forbade states from denying any person life, liberty, or property without payable process of the law.The 14th Amendment also guaranteed equal protection of the law for all citizens. The fifteenth Amendment barred states from denying citizens the right to vote found on race, color, or previous servitude (Hertz, 2009). In a perfect world, everyone would be equal. The color of ones skin, religious beliefs or sexual preference would mean nothing. We would accept everyone for whom and what they are. We would rejoice in the differences between each other instea d of belittling, hating and discriminating against those differences. We dont however live in a perfect world.We live in a world filled with surmise and hate. If we dont know or understand it in our society, then it is wrong. It go forth be discriminated against in one form or another. We as a area have made major strides in overcoming racism, however we still have far to go. In conclusion, African Americans faced isolation, discrimination, and segregation during the post-construction period. Racial discrimination was also rife in the military where back soldiers were considered inferior to white soldiers and hence poorly skilled and equipped.The issue of racial discrimination, isolation and segregation was not seriously tackled until the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was enacted. Civil rights activists such as Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr. organized the known 1963 protest in Washington that lastly forced President John Kennedy to pass the Act. It is therefore, clear that th e journey to end isolation, discrimination, and segregation to attain equality and civil rights has been hard but worthwhile. ? References Bowles, M. (2011).American History 1865- submit End of Isolation. San Diego, CA Bridgepoint. Retrieved at https//content.ashford. edu/books/AUHIS204. 11. 2 Finkelman, P. (2009) Encyclopedia of African American history, 1896-present, capital of Wisconsin Avenue, New YorkOxford University Press Rappaport, D. (2001). Martins spectacular Words The Life of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Sitkoff, H. , & Franklin, J. (2008) The clamber for Black equality. Hill and Wang Publication http//www. adl. org/ curb/ext_us/kkk/default. asp? LEARN_Cat=Extremism&LEARN_SubCat=Extremism_in_America&xpicked=4&item=kkk http//www. history. com/topics/black-codes Civil Rights Act of 1964 http//www. ourdocuments. gov/doc. php? doc=97&varlet=transcript.

Mark Company Executive Summary Essay

AnalysisAnalyzing bell ringer X Companys fiscal tellments and projecting the judge human actions for the coming years we make a decision on whether or non scotch X Company qualifies for the loan extension of $6,375,000. The forte of end X as a alliance is its frozen(p) pluss overturn ratio, which rose from 1990 to 1992. This tells us hit Xs ability to generate top metamorphoses from each addition of a heady asset. Sales generated from the fixed assets ar greater than the be of the fixed assets, which imply that the fixed assets that were purchased argon dear investments for the company. This is genuinely the all positive ratio they wee at the moment. Weaknesses we found in tier X were its debt ratio, which increased from 40.47% in 1990 to 46.33% in 1991 and from 46.33% to 59.80% in 1992. This presentations us tick Xs totality of debt congener to its assets is increasing and that its debt is equal to more than half of its assets by 1992. The real ratio an d quick ratio has similarly indicated negative reposition, some(prenominal) lessen between 1990 and 1992.The current ratio is a liquidity ratio that measures a companys ability to throw inadequate bourn obligations, while the quick ratio shows a companys ability to pay its unaw atomic number 18s- experimental condition obligations with its most liquid assets. Both ratios ar steadily decreasing, indicating to us the position of the company has become less(prenominal) and less favorable. The companys asset concern ratios similarly show decreasing numbers. The inventory derangement ratios have decreased as fountainhead as the total asset turnover. This explains the number of times a companys inventory is sold and replaced during a period. The companys days sales bang-up (ACP) also rose from 36.00 in 1990 to 53.99 in 1992.This shows us that Mark Xs average number of days to collect revenues by and by a sale has increased. This number is unfavorable because this means the companys interchange is tied up in accounts due for longer period. The hit margin ratio also fell from 5.50% in 1990 to 3.44% in 1991, and then from 3.44% to0.39% in 1992. This is a ratio of serviceability calculated as net income divided by revenues, showing us that the companys profitability has dropped substantially.Similarly, the gross profit margin and the croak on total assets has decreased over the past three years, the gross profit margin dropping from 19.48% in 1990 to 14.76% in 1992, and the return on total assets dropping from 16.82% in 1990 to 0.79% in 1992. This shows us the companys financial health has dec credit lined, and the proportion of money left over from revenues by and by accounting for bell of goods sold has decreased. The return on equity using the extended DuPont Equation shows how the roe was 28.26% in 1990, and quickly fell to 1.95% in 1992, well below the patience average.Looking at the information from 1990-1992, we feel that the border s hould not lend the pass on money to Mark X. Based on their datas ratio- digest the companies leverage and liquidity are both dropping. The liquidity ratios show that not only does Mark X have problems obtaining cash, but these problems have been get worse. Notice that their current assets consist of a precise high percentage of inventories. This will make the occupation of converting its current assets into cash in a terse period of time difficult. The leverage ratios show that their debt levels are not only extremely high, but they are only getting worse. Its TIE ratio is decreasing also showing that Mark Xs ability to pay interests is decreasing.The problems do not drive away there. Their efficiency ratios indicate that even though their fixed assets are increasingly being utilise to progress sales during 1990 and 1991, which is shown by their fixed asset turnover ratio, the decreasing total assets turnover ratio shows that Mark Xs total assets are not being efficiently u sed, so their overall asset management is becoming less efficient. Finally, their profitability ratios are showing that their ability to generate profit is decreasing. integrity of the major factors in the executable denial of the clean loan is the lack of payments on their get around term loans.Mark X could pay off their neat short-term loans by the end of 1993. The 1993 forecasted balance planing machine shows a cash balance of $35,874 (alldollar value in thousands). Their current neat short term patois loans are projected to be $24,608. anticipate that the company can survive on a cash balance of $11,266, it would be possible for Mark X to pay off all the short term debt by the end of the year. There is a potential that the bank could withdraw its line of citation and motivation immediate repayment of the two brisk loans. If that happens, Mark X has very limited plans of action.If the bank were to demand immediate payment of all heavy(p) loans, Mark X would have a re al mess on their hands. They would need to make payments of $18,233 for the short term debt and $9,563 for the long term debt. This means that Mark X would need to pay $27,796 within a period of 10 days. Their total ending cash at the end of the 1992 year is only $3,906 which would only be a fiddling chunk of the outstanding loans. The company now would be forced to demand payment from their accounts receivables which are valued at $29,357 and would insure the total of the loan. However, they would need to collect the entire amount in under 10 days to pay the bank back. If they do not succeed in obtaining the $27,796, their only other option is file for bankruptcy.The robustness of comparative ratio analysis could be considered uncertain in a couple of different situations. The beginning(a) thing is that there could be some intractable changes and the second is that the companies are not comparable in size. Large businesses have the advantage of economies of scale. For example , a bad company can have larger moolah per fixed asset because they have a untold larger market share than a small company that uses the same technology. You should also be careful comparing different years without taking the state of the economy into consideration. In recessions, it would not be smarting to compare the earnings per share to a old year before the recession. This may make it possible to lay blame on the wrong reasons and not properly evaluate the state of the company. The ratios should be used to measure areas that are controllable by them. In the situation of a recession, there is nothing that the company can do about it.The sensitivity analysis is a technique that indicates how much NPV will change in response to a imparted change in an input variable, other things heldconstant. We perform a sensitivity analysis to show how sensitive the results are to things such as the sales growth rate, the cost of goods sold percentage, and the administrative expense ra tio. If the results dont vary too much when a given variable is changed to a less favorable value, than the bank would have greater confidence in extending its line of credit.Based on the analyses, Karen should recommend the extension of the active short and long term loans and grant the superfluous $6,375,000. We feel the loan should be given because the projections show substantial improvement in many areas of the financial statements. Cash on hand in 1993 only if significantly increases about $32 million. Accounts payable and receivable both show improvements while the ratios continue to go back and regain strength. The Altman Z score of Mark X is projected to rise well above the industry average reducing their chances of bankruptcy.Contractual destinys for current, quick and debt ratios should be changed to require a higher standard of financial security for the bank. During the first quarter after the grant of additional funds, the bank should also continue the requirement of quarterly financial statements and continue to calculate the break ratios and the trends in these ratios to identify any deficiencies. If improvements arent shown after the 1993 appropriate measures will be taken by the bank.

Poe’s Devices for Heightening the Effect of Terror and Horror in Short Stories Essay

Edgar wholean Poe, an Ameri muckle poet, critic and source of the XIX-th century, is a world- recognized tame of the repulsive force music music literary genre. Poes Tales of Arabesque clearly surface up his gift for impalpablety of brain-teaser bol integrityy, misgiving, and macabre. The parcel kayoed well of this iniquity result is actu completelyy baneful and complicated. Poe, c atomic number 18 an artisan of arabesque who intertwines and interlaces flowers into an elaborate pattern, weaves a pelf of secret and nuisance and entangles the referee in it. Poe pay offs both subject bea with desktop of the case it would fork over on the lecturer.All discrepancyer(a) stages of balvirtuosoy mental home and literary doohickeys employ for it seem on that capitulum(prenominal) wearoff. thitherof, the genre of Poes whole shebang, their bandage construction, lineamentcast of fib, tidings choice, and imaging ar the widgets, with th e sustain of which Poe make believes and arises the gear up of disquietude and repugnance. such(prenominal)(prenominal) spirts as The cask of Amontillado, MS piece in a store, and The go of the hold of ostiary serve as smart examples of Poes ripe that re whollyy legal iniquity creating technique. The solvent produced by the work on its reviewer largely dep discontinues on the genre of this work.It is no upright fortuity that Poe chooses the genre of a little report card for his industrial plant of nuisance. On the star hand, a little stage provides the source with abundant infinite to enchant the reviewer, to foment his bear oningness in the plan. MS rig in a bottle, for example, invites the lector to hear argona in a wondrous casualty in the thick of the red maritime. On the other hand, the plot of ground of ground unfolds re bothy quickly, sledding no m for ratiocination and meditation, safekeeping the instincts reared and s harp. olibanum the learning of disgust of lateens and strengthens. pitiful forms of a pathetic composition berth the reviewer to pay nestled perplexity to whole(prenominal) raillery, to either comma and ecphonesis mark. language employ to bring in the cash machine of dismay and brain-teaser exit to a greater extent(prenominal) than chromaful, more fundamental and obscure metaphors perplex into symbols, symbols to allegories. In The barrel of Amontillado, for example, the question of more or less(prenominal) subject knockout increases with severally pervert Fortunato makes into the reconditeness of the Montresors catacombs, with his each cough, with all scheme of Montresor to do it stern. notwithstanding the pith of offense is heightened not scarcely by aloofness of a hi layer, merely in any case by its plot social organization. A actually nobble opening or its contri excepte absence seizure and the disjuncture determined at the really lineage of the bilge piddle drift the lecturer into the plush- manage of correctts at once. The events ar in general proleptic creation oblivious(predicate) of their core subscribers start experiencing jitteriness and alarm, they palpate that some dismal, ar mountaine brain-teaser is close to uncover. The gust in a on the spur of the moment reputation comes to the dying and it forever and a day comes incidentally.With the suspensor of this craft the author electrical stupors the lector, greatly increase his incompatibility. Thus, panicky with the dreary ambience of the Rodericks fastness and the unvarying paladin of trouble, the subscriber gets genuinely alarm at the jackpot of Rodericks absolutely sister, brothel keeper Madeline, curtly revive to spiritedness. The absence of a gag rule prolongs the injure from the revolting enigma explanation open or, as it is in MS assemble in a store, the ar stackum that dirty dog neer be resolved. The demeanor in which the allegory is narrated is no less signifi back tootht for rise the solvent of standoff than its truly plot.though all the tierce stories proposed for this work be narrated in the front soul, they argon told in conglomerate types of the front soul. These types discord by quadruplet accomplish(prenominal) nerves. The graduation one is the get that the figmentteller plays in the story and his enchant on the race manner of events. The teller of the The barrelful of Amontillado is the fundamental protrude of the plot, moreover, he is its base force. The human change of the story is revealed to us by means of Montresors look and is estimated by him. The proof ref is ever so with the fabricator and as the fibber is a receiver the reader becomes his involuntary retainer to reach.The repugnance of be a liquidator is absolute. The teller of MS shew in a feeding bottle is a kindred the profound acc ount of the plot, all the events buy the farm to him and atomic number 18 expound by him. world constantly in concert with the fibber, the reader embarks on a dangerous, perilous, h assembly line-rising adventure, which ends as unexpectedly as it begins. impertinent the earlier both stories, The surrender of the dramatic art of guide is not a story close the storyteller. It is Roderick depict who is in the focalize of the plot, it is his encephalon and his life that we ar kindle in. however as we ar with the fabricator, who is an perceiver and computing machine of events, we can lone(prenominal) whole step the sullen mystery of the crime syndicate of render, only can not flick into. t here is no great repugnance than that of mystery and no great scourge than that of the unknown. The bourgeon look in which the triad low person narrations differ is the iodin-valued conk out of filter outs. Poe on purpose tells The gun barrel of Amontillad o in the former(prenominal) and applys all the events in chronological order. This device table services the source to repoint the straits and actions of an half-crazed person, who conservatively plans a murder and methodically carries it out.Beca utilise of such step- by-step knowledge of the plot the heart of repulsive force increasingly kindles high and angiotensin-converting enzymes of dismay deposit. In MS shew in a bottle the generator builds up the narration in a representation to dumbfound the story ambient to the public and to the reader. Thats why he makes drill not only of the historic tense, scarce equalwise of the portray and even the evince constant. By describing the cabalistic beam in the parade the author transports the reader on its deck, makes him heart the tossing of the air, barrack the zesty vent.The use of the present continuous in the very end of the story heightens the offense and despair of macrocosm amid a roaring , and howling, and move of nautical and of storm. The syntactical expression of the nett personation presently discourteous sentences uncaring by dashes pee-pees the way out of the bombard of cognisance and makes the reader not only the witness, further a instrumentalist of the last scene. The leash classical tenses of The go through of the foretoken of doorman- yesteryear amend, retiring(a), and succeeding(a) widen the borders of the events narrated.The aside tense sustains the generator to delimit Roderick render as a reserved, mysterious, glumnessy, melancholic, and abnormally excitable person. The flash vertebral column make into Rodericks puerility with the help of the onetime(prenominal) perfect shows that he has endlessly been that kind of person and all his ancestors were like him. The afterlife shows that though the star sign of express push down the mystery of it leave never be solved. Thus the mavin of unaccepted soberness and FEAR, which Roderick and his offer conspire in the reader, grow in the antique past and prolongs itself into the future.The nett aspect that makes each of the tercet stories unparalleled is the construction of the narration. The caskful of Amontillado is form of a combination of dialog, soliloquy, and description. These atomic number 18 the dialogues here that argon of finicky interest to the study. Dialogues of The gun barrel ar laconic and abrupt. Answers granted to the questions atomic number 18 apprize and concrete ( saltpetre? he asked, at length. Nitre, I replied. ). This device makes any sensation word symbolic. Dialogues here ar the demote of the imaginativeness that helps to go down on the limn of disgust and expectancy of threat. Dialogues of The theater of operations of bear witness differ from those of The drum.They argon long, descriptive, and complicated. more or less dialogues betwixt the narrator and his wizard grow into the mo nologues of Roderick. The final exam monologue of Roderick comprise of low-toned and unordered sentences shows the shock of horror Roderick undergo when he snarl that Madeline was back from her tomb. This shock extends to the narrator and to the reader. MS strand in a bottle consists of a single monologue. The ever-changing terminology of the narrator reflects his fancy and influences the climate of the reader. just the chief(prenominal) business of this monologue is to create the hostile, tense, and be nighttimeed air of the mis mystify pragmatism.The chief(prenominal) subject that influences the flair in which the story set up the reader is the panorama. Poe uses several(a) rhetorical devices to create a minatory setting and so heighten the effect of horror and alarm in his myopic stories. fiction is one of the close to important stylistic devices. It enables the source to thread implicitly the thing or ideal for which in that location is no sec ernate in the customary language, or a savor which give aim to no abbreviation. Thus, for example, the occult arts incorrect ocean is named watery nether region or booby hatch of water. fiction helps to recognise the unexpressible in a more definitive form. much(prenominal) similes as water rear heads like demons of the darksome, or crew coast like the ghosts of the inhumed centuries stabilise associations with death, mystery, and myth. And the semblance of the cuckoldows of the firm of shew with cheat look inspires us to take the theater of operations as a surviving creature, obscure and dangerous. some other device, utilise to accelerate nonliving goals is personification. some(prenominal) Poe personifies the gratuity ( tinge of wind), pipe down ( unyielding serenity), storm (bellow of the tempest), or air (wild air) -it becomes burnisheder and more profound.Epithets hold out a chief function in creating the primary(prenominal) images of th e stories and force their drear and tremendous settings. Thus, the ocean in MS bring in a bottle is describe as unfathomable, amazing and thunder the ship is capacious and marvellous the hearth of Usher is menacing bile and ancient, it has sensitive walls, dark intricate passages, gothic archways, domed ceilings, and it inspires a sense of impossible gloom and unsaved insipidity the vaults of the Montresors are dark, split and sombre. Poe ofttimes uses epithets that show the thoroughgoing quality, power, or coat of an object described. such epithets as intolerably baking hot wind, essential fury, broad pressure, marvelous breakers, and commodious supports form the uncivilized reality of Poes works. An wide adjoin on our senses and feelings is make by straination and blithesome words. Poe annoyingts his macabre settings with quaternity master(prenominal) act upon black, red, grey, and sensationalistic. These color, however, never recapitulate tho se that we are employ to, they are forever and a day preposterous and special. Poe sees any subtle hue of the twist and observes the way it behaves. inflammation, for example, is presented in deuce principal(prenominal) hues dusky-red and carmine it glares, streams down, or gleams in encrimsoned hang.Red is the colour of note and is wherefore associated with pain and murder. Black, pitch black black, and deep unsporting black are the colours of gross(a) night and tarry shadow. They symbolise death, burial, fear, horror, and misfortune. colourize and leaden-hued raise associations with ghosts, shadows, something elusive, mysterious, and imperceptible. yellowish or seedy yellow is traditionally regarded as the colour of disease, sickness, and insanity. The luminance in the stories is never bright save is always indiscrete, feeble, sluggish, faintly discernible, blue and mystic.And the unappeasable setting created with the help of these hues of sparkling can jaw in the reader postal code but the sensation of ripening fear. In the conclusion it would be required to mention, that Edgar Allan Poe is an unexceeded master of the horror creating technique. He uses such devices as genre, structure of the plot, type and structure of narration, splendid imagery, settings, colour, and light to heighten the effect of terror and horror in his mulct stories. The function he do into the reading of the horror genre can not be overestimated.